POLICE RESERVE 

AND 

HOME DEFENSE GUARD 
MANUAL 


Major William A. Dawkins 

J and 

Inspector Cornelius F. Cahalane 




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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 

















HOME DEFENSE LEAGUE 
MANUAL 


« 


POLICE RESERVE 

AND 

HOME DEFENSE GUARD 
MANUAL 

BY , 

WILLIAM A. DAWKINS ' 

MAJOR 

COMMANDING NINTH INSPECTION DISTRICT, POLICE RESERVE, 
POLICE DEPARTMENT, CITY OF NEW YORK 

WITH EXTRACTS FROM 

POLICE PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE 

By CORNELIUS F. CAHALANE 

INSPECTOR OF POLICE, CITY OF NEW YORK 
POLICE DEPARTMENT 



NEW YORK 

E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 

681 FIFTH AVENUE 





Copyright, 1918, 

By E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 
Copyright, 1914, 

By E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 


All Rights Reserved 


MAY -2 1918 


Printed in the United States of America 


©C!. A 497139 


e 








“THE HOME DEFENSE LEAGUE EXISTS 
SIMPLY FOR THE PATRIOTIC PURPOSE OF 
SERVING THE CITY IN CASE OF GREAT 
EMERGENCY.” 

ARTHUR WOODS 

Ex-Police Commissioner 




EDITOR’S NOTE, 


The manuscript of this book was submitted to the then 
Police Commissioner, Arthur Woods, also to Alexander 
M. White, Esq., Aide to the Police Commissioner, and to 
Inspector Cornelius F. Cahalane, for any suggestions or 
corrections that they in turn might hav|e to offer. 

It was returned to Major Dawkins without any altera¬ 
tions or suggestions, and quoting the Police Commissioner, 
he stated: “It is a splendid idea. The book as far as I 
am concerned is authorized. After a perusal of the man¬ 
uscript you are at liberty to go ahead with it and have it 
published.” 

Inspector Cahalane graciously consented to allow the ex¬ 
tracts from his book to be used and taken all in all, the 
officials of the Department have been exceedingly court¬ 
eous. That is in itself an endorsement of the work con¬ 
tained herein. 

It is sincerely hoped that the reader may profit there¬ 
from and in that manner the book will have accomplished 
what it was intended for. 


The Editor. 






CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Editor’s Note .vii 

Introduction .xi 

Part I. The Police Reserve.3 

Uniform.10 

Infantry Drill Regulations, Formations, etc. ... 15 

School of the Squad, Soldier and the Company . . 25 

Battalion Parade.40 

Manual of Arms.50 

Review.58 

Military Police.61 

Tests.63 

Part II. Extracts from Police Practice and Procedure 69 

Original Introduction.71 

Discipline and Deportment.73 

Physical Condition.78 

Patrol.80 

Arrests.100 

Evidence, Court Procedure and Disposition of Property 116 

Traffic and Street Conditions.128 

Manner in which Thieves Operate.139 

Investigations and Reports.141 

Liquor Tax Law.145 

Co-operation with City Departments .... 148 

Bribery.146 




















LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Diagram Showing Eeview Order.41 

Sample of Proper Form of Official Letter .... 67 

Burglar’s Tools.135 

Dangerous Weapons.138 

To Show the Difference a Change of Clothes Will Make . . 139 








































INTRODUCTION. 


The need has long been felt for a small pocket manual 
collecting in one volume the most essential parts of mili¬ 
tary information required for the information and advance¬ 
ment of the members of the Police Reserve and Home 
Defense Guard Units. 

Since there is a demand for a manual of this character, 
embracing the parts of the school of Citizen-Soldiery, and 
for the benefit of Officers and men in the ranks, this vol¬ 
ume has been compiled from strictly official publications 
and personal observation of the Author. 

It covers important points and explains in brief that 
part of the Army Drill Regulations that are most neces¬ 
sary in an organization of this character. The author of 
this book, Major William A. Dawkins, is at this time an 
active member of the Police Reserve of the City of New 
York, New York City’s Auxiliary Police Force. For the 
past twenty years he has been active in military affairs, 
has seen active service with United States troops in for¬ 
eign wars, and has gained much valuable information and 
experience. 

Endeavor has been made to condense and compile the 
military information covering the School of the Squad, the 
School of the Soldier, and the School of the Company, plac¬ 
ing all these subjects in the simplest, briefest, and clearest 
manner possible. 

To this information have been added details of the prin¬ 
cipal police matters that members of a Police Reserve or 
Home Defense force should know. The Police information 
contained in this Manual is offered through the generous 
co-operation of Police Inspector, Cornelius F. Cahalane, 

xi 


INTRODUCTION 


xii 

who is in charge of the Training Sehool of the New York 
Police Department. 

He is the author of the book under title of Police Prac¬ 
tice and Procedure, and is a practical police officer, hav¬ 
ing been through all the ranks of the force, and he has, to 
a marked extent, the habit of viewing police work in the 
light of the service that it can render to the community. 

So it is in this case, where he has allowed extracts from 
his book to be embodied herein for the benefit that the 
members of the Police Keserve, and others, may derive 
therefrom* 


PART I. 


THE POLICE RESERVE 
























» 
































THE POLICE RESERVE 


That the police and the community are one, and are not 
to be considered separately as though they were independ¬ 
ent, divided, much less, antagonistic to each other, cannot 
be gainsaid, especially at this time. They belong to each 
other. They are constituent parts of the body politic. The 
police are citizens. And the citizens claim and control the 
police in a free government. The police have no power 
that the people do not delegate to them. As in law, the 
principal is accountable for the authorized acts of his 
agent, so the body politic is responsible for the police power 
exercised by this branch of its service. 

This identity of existence and unity of purpose identi¬ 
fies the police with the local community which they serve 
in the government of a free people. 

In other forms of government the police power is im¬ 
perial or national. But in proportion as government is 
democratic in constitutional monarchies, the right of local 
communities to some control over their police force, or the 
right at least to hold the police force accountable for the 
authority they wield, is recognized. 

The Police Reserve is a body of citizens public spir¬ 
ited enough to manifest actively their interest in the 
police force of the city. It was organized for the purpose 
of knowing more about the work of the men who patrol 
the streets night and day; to receive if possible some of the 
same training that makes these blue coated guardians such 
fine physical specimens; to show through such an organiza¬ 
tion that citizens can help policemen in a practical man¬ 
ner; to share some of the responsibilities in a big emer- 

3 


4 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

gency, and all the time, even when there is no emergency, 
to be a big moral force behind the city police, and a good, 
healthy connecting link between the police and the great 
mass of citizens. 

The Police Reserve is not armed, it is not a military 
body, and it is not related to the Plattsburg Training 
Camp. 

The league was organized just about a year ago, at 
a regular weekly meeting of the cabinet of the Police Com¬ 
missioner, and District Inspectors. Companies were or¬ 
ganized throughout the ninety odd precincts in rapid suc¬ 
cession, and there were 5,000 men enrolled in a very short 
time. Most of the work was done at the suggestion of 
commanding officers of precincts, but with the membership 
at a total of 5,000 the members of the league took recruit¬ 
ing into their own hands, and inside of six weeks had 
jumped the strength of the league from 5,000 to close to 
20 , 000 . 

Briefly the Police Reserve is a voluntary body of cit¬ 
izens enrolled in the Police Department for the purpose 
of relieving and assisting the regular Police Force of the 
City in any great emergency. 

There is a civilian head appointed as a Special Deputy 
Police Commissioner, acting as an Aide to the Police 
Commissioner, in charge of the Reserve. He is assisted 
by a staff consisting of a Headquarters Division, a Cav¬ 
alry Division, a Motor Car Division, a Motor Boat Di¬ 
vision, and a number of members assigned to Inspection 
Districts, who co-operate with police officials therein. 

Enrollment in the Reserve may be made at the Police 
Station House of the precinct in which one resides, where 
application blanks and full information can be obtained 
from the officer in charge. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 5 


Extracts from the Home Defense League Bulletin, 
April, 1917. 

The League will be called for active service by the Po¬ 
lice Commissioner only in case a great emergency arises, 
and the League members, if called upon for active service, 
may feel assured that a need exists which requires the per¬ 
formance by them of the fullest service that critical home 
and business claims will permit. 

It should be clearly understood that all members of the 
League, when on duty, will be under the orders of the Po¬ 
lice Commissioner and his subordinates, assisted by the 
officers of the League. Attention is called to the follow¬ 
ing: 

1. Reporting for Duty —On notice to report for duty, 
go to your station-house promptly at the time specified, 
suitably clad, and if time permits, provfde yourself with 
an emergency ration to be carried in your pocket. 

2. Nature of Duty —Patrol and guard duty, similar to 
that performed by a regular police officer, and the perform¬ 
ance of any special duties that may be assigned. 

3. Duration of Duty —Present orders provide that 
duration of night duty will be from 8 P. M. to 4 A. M., 
in two four-hour tours. Unless the emergency is very 
great members available for night service will be required 
to perform only one tour of duty every three days. Mem¬ 
bers not available for night service will be called upon in 
various ways, depending on the conditions in the precinct. 

4. Equipment —A night-stick (baton), whistle, and a 
cloth brassard suitably inscribed, to be worn on the left 
arm, will be issued on enrollment. 

5. Uniform —The purchase of uniforms, specifications 
of which may be obtained from the officers of your Com¬ 
pany, is entirely voluntary, but is encouraged where mem¬ 
bers can afford and desire it. 


6 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


6. Powers —A member of the League acquires no 
special police powers by reason of his membership. As a 
citizen he has powers to make an arrest only (1) for a 
felony or misdemeanor committed or attempted in his 
presence, or (2) for a felony actually committed by the 
person arrested, although not in his presence. Wherever 
possible, League members should call upon members of 
the uniformed force to make arrests. 

7. Training —In addition to military drill, the police 
captains and officers of the League should arrange for 
lectures on police duties and practical instruction therein, 
including frequent trips around the precinct in squads or 
platoons, in order to familiarize members with the location 
of fire alarm and police telegraph boxes, and the impor¬ 
tant points to be guarded. The members should be taught 
some of the more simple setting up exercises, morning and 
evening, and to take brisk walks of at least two miles each 
day, in order to keep in proper physical condition. Each 
member should be urged to spare time, apart from sched¬ 
uled meetings and drills, to prepare himself in all the 
above ways, and to stimulate others by his example. 

Essential Points of Patrol Duty. 

Home defense men should familiarize themselves with 
the following Police duties:— 

It is the duty of policemen at all times to preserve the 
peace, prevent crime, detect and arrest offenders, and en¬ 
force all laws that relate to Police, Health, Tenement 
House, and Criminal Procedure. His first duty is to pa¬ 
trol. While on patrol he shall constantly patrol his post, 
keeping as close to the curb as practicable, on the sidewalk 
on the right side of the street; must not engage in un¬ 
necessary conversation; must not loiter. In the night¬ 
time he shall frequently examine all doors, low windows, 
areas, area gates and gratings of buildings on his post; 
become acquainted by sight, with all persons living or do¬ 
ing business on his post; investigate all suspicious cir- 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 7 


cumstances that may present themselves to him, such as 
persons passing late at night with bundles, or persons loi¬ 
tering about or acting suspiciously. Patrolmen must not 
leave post except in discharge of police duties or personal 
necessities. When a patrolman requires the aid of an¬ 
other patrolman from an adjoining post, in ordinary cases, 
he will give three or more blasts of his whistle, which will 
be answered by one blast, and the other patrolman will 
immediately run in the direction from which the summons 
for assistance came. Similar signals can be made by rap¬ 
ping of the night-stick, and in extreme emergency the 
revolver may be discharged in the air. 

When a fire is discovered the first duty of a patrolman 
is to send in an alarm, or to see to it that an alarm is sent 
in. He shall stay at the fire alarm signal box or leave 
some person there to direct the fire apparatus, when it 
arrives, to the location of the fire. He shall establish fire 
lines to extend outside of all fire apparatus working at 
the fire. He shall allow no persons, not authorized, to 
enter the fire lines. The following are authorized to pass 
inside of the fire line:—A member of the Police, Fire, 
Public Service Commission, Building or Post Office De¬ 
partment; or Department of Water Supply, Gas and Elec¬ 
tricity ; or a member of the Fire-Patrol, in the performance 
of his duties; an ambulance attendant; a person with a 
fire-reporter’s pass; an employee of a lighting or of a 
transportation company if upon duty connected with the 
fire; and an official of the Dock Department when fire is 
on a wharf or bulkhead under the jurisdiction of that 
Department. A fire-line badge, police-line card or report¬ 
er’s pass does not pass or authorize access to buildings. 
The following vehicles shall also be admitted inside the 
fire line: A police department vehicle; an ambulance; a 
vehicle used to convey the United States Mail; and a ve¬ 
hicle of a lighting or of a transportation company if called 
upon duty connected with the fire. 

Discretion, however, will be used in permitting persons 
whose business or residence may be within the fire lines. 


8 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


The patrolman on whose post a fire occurs shall get a re¬ 
port of the fire as soon as possible to the station-hou6e, 
using the telephone for this purpose. All orders of the 
Fire Department Officer in command shall be obeyed by 
policemen. In case of a fire, riot, or other police emer¬ 
gency, the member of the force first on or at the scene, 
shall be in charge until the arrival of an officer of higher 
rank. 

Accidents shall have the careful attention of the man 
on post, who will obtain and fill in on the accident blank 
all information required thereon. He shall summon am¬ 
bulances for all sick or injured persons by telephoning to 
Police Headquarters and stating the case. All accidents, 
sick or injured cases, will also be promptly telephoned to 
the station house. 

With regard to street lamps not burning or burning 
dimly, the time at which such lamps are observed and the 
period during which they continue in this condition shall 
be entered in the memorandum book. The entry shall 
specify whether the lamp is arc, bulb (incandescent), gas 
or naphtha (gasoline). Also a report is made on blank 
provided for this purpose to the desk officer on duty in the 
station-house at the expiration of tour of patrol. 

Breaks or leakage in water pipes, gas pipes, or sewers in 
the street, shall be promptly telephoned to the station- 
house. Breaks or leaks in connection with buildings shall 
be reported promptly to the occupants or owners of such 
buildings. 

When a dead body is found, telephone the station-house 
immediately, allow no one to touch it until the arrival of 
the Coroner, ascertain full particulars regarding the case, 
and receive further instructions from the Desk Lieutenant 
for your further action. 

In case of any public work being done on the street, 
the officer will see that those doing it have a proper per¬ 
mit. Every assistance must be given to the officers of the 
Society of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the Hu- 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 9 


mane Society. Persons who abandon any animal to die 
shall be arrested. All violations of Corporation Ordinances 
shall be reported. 

Men on post shall help to regulate traffic and shall pre¬ 
vent crowds from blocking the sidewalks or streets. An ar¬ 
rest will not be made for a misdemeanor unless the officer 
sees the crime committed; arrests may be made in all cases 
of felony, whether committed in the presence of the officer 
or not, when he has reasonable grounds to believe that the 
person to be arrested has committed a felony. Officers are 
allowed sufficient force to overcome resistance and in self- 
defense, but should not draw their pistols or use their clubs 
except in extreme cases. 

The location of all dead animals shall be reported to the 
station-house by telephone on the day tours and at the ex¬ 
piration of the tour at night time. Lost, abandoned or 
stolen property shall be taken to the station-house. Men 
must not leave their posts until properly relieved. All ir¬ 
regular or unusual conditions on the street must be re¬ 
ported. Information received from any source of any 
casualty, crime, or other police occurrence, will be tele¬ 
phoned immediately to the station-house. If you find a 
store or other building broken into, summon your side- 
partner, make a thorough search and investigation of the 
building, notify the owners or occupants, and report all 
the facts to the station-house. See that dangerous holes 
and obstructions in the street have proper lamps at night. 


UNIFORM 


At no time shirk your duty. Be loyal to your job. The 
ultimate success of a squad, company or precinct, depends 
greatly on the even team-work of all its members. You 
cannot be a good patrolman or loyal, and be a knocker, a 
grumbler or a shirker. At all times you should be for and 
not against the accomplishment of the functions of the De¬ 
partment, giving your most earnest and hearty support at 
all times to those in authority appointed over you. Try 
to work in harmony with the watchmen and special patrol¬ 
men on your post. If you have their co-operation they may 
render you valuable assistance. Bear in mind at all times 
that you are prohibited by law from taking any action in 
civil cases except to preserve the peace. 

You must bear in mind that in our country a military 
organization is too often prejudged by the actions or acts 
of a few of the members, and therefore the innocent must 
suffer with the guilty. Try at all times to not disgrace 
the uniform by the way you wear it, or by your conduct 
any more than you would permit or desecrate the flag of 
the United States of America. When in public conduct 
yourselves as men should and do not take advantage of 
the fact that you are wearing a uniform and labor under 
the false impression that you have a license to do as you 
may please, for that is most unfortunate, as you have no 
special privileges, and the man or men in uniform who 
conduct themselves in an ungentlemanly or unmilitary 
manner to the disgrace of the uniform, allow the layman to 
shake his head and thereupon condemn all men wearing the 
uniform. Therefore, show by the manner in which you 
wear the uniform that you are proud of it, and all that it 
signifies. 


10 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 11 


Try and follow out the following rules and by observing 
them you will be guided and rewarded accordingly: 

1. At all times wear your hat so that it is parallel to the 
ground. 

2. At all times carry yourself as though you were 
proud of yourself, walk like one of your mother’s people, be 
proud of your uniform and of the municipality and your 
country. 

3. Keep your head erect and your shoulders square. 

4. If at all possible always try to be clean shaven. 

5. Never have your blouse unbuttoned. 

6. Have your leggings and breeches properly laced. 

7. Have your shoes shined. 

8. Be sure that your buttons are sewed on tight. 

9. Do not roll up your sleeves, or wear sleeve holders. 

10. Bear in mind at all times to play this game according 
to the rules. 


Discipline. 

Definition .—In its deeper and more important sense dis¬ 
cipline may be defined as the habit of instantaneous and in¬ 
stinctive obedience under any and all circumstances—it is 
the habit whereby the very muscles of the man instinctively 
obey the word of command, so that under any circum¬ 
stances whatsoever, of danger or death, the man may hear 
that command, the word of his superior officer, and 
even though his mind be too confused to work, his muscles 
will respond and obey accordingly. In times of war, the 
value of this habit of instantaneous and instinctive obed¬ 
ience is invaluable, and during times of peace everything 
possible should be done to ingrain into the very blood of the 
man, this very spirit, this so termed habit, of instantaneous 
and instinctive obedience to the word of command. 


12 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


You will be expected to become within a short time, 
amenable both in a mental and physical sense, to discipline. 
An intelligent and clear conception of your part of what 
drills are disciplinary in character and what discipline 
really is and intended for, will materially help and assist 
you to become a good soldier (patrolman). 

Drills executed at attention are disciplinary drills or 
exercises and are designed to teach precise and soldierly 
movements and to inculcate that prompt and subconscious 
obedience which is most essential to proper military con¬ 
trol. As soon as you obey promptly, properly, and at times 
instinctively, the commands of your officers appointed over 
you, and also as soon as you can cheerfully give up personal 
privileges and pleasures that conflict with the new role you 
have entered into as a member of the Home Defense 
Unit, just so soon will you become a well disciplined man. 
All corrections should be given and received in an imper¬ 
sonal manner. 

Organizations should be kept up through pride of the 
men in their organizations, which is sometimes called, 
“esprit de corps.” 

Experience shows that drill, routine, military courtesy, 
attention at all times to details, are the best methods of at¬ 
taining good discipline, that they are the most effective 
means to that end. 


Military Courtesy. 

The Army regulations tell us, “Courtesy among military 
men is indispensable to discipline; respect to superiors will 
not be confined to obedience on duty, but will be exercised 
and extended on all occasions.” 

Every once in a while a man is found who has the mis¬ 
taken idea that he sacrifices or smothers the American spirit 
of freedom, that he sacrifices his independence, by saluting 
his superior officers. Of course, you will agree, that no one 
but a very narrow-minded person or a man with a shriv- 
elled-up conception can have such ideas. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 13 

General Orders No. 183, Division of the Philippines, 
1901, says: “In all armies the manner in which military 
courtesies are observed and rendered by officers and sol¬ 
diers will not be confined to obedience on duty, but will be 
extended on all occasions.” 

While the personal element will naturally enter into the 
salute, to a certain extent, when a man salutes an officer, 
he is really saluting the office rather than the officer per¬ 
sonally—the salute is rendered as a mark of respect to the 
rank, the position that the officer holds, to the authority 
with which he is vested. 

As a matter of fact, military courtesy is just simply an 
application of common every-day courtesy and common 
sense. Regulations require that it be rendered by both the 
senior and the junior, as bare courtesy requires in civil life. 
It is but the military equivalent of the layman’s expression, 
“How do you do,” “Good morning,” or “Good day.” 

Officers and Non-Commissioned Officers. 

The company or precinct officers should set an example 
to their men in dress, military bearing, system, punctuality 
and other soldierly qualities, and it should be remembered 
that the negligence of superiors is the cue for juniors to be 
negligent. 

The character and efficiency of officers and the manner 
in which they perform their duties are reflected in the con¬ 
duct, discipline and general deportment of the men under 
their command. 

If the members of the company are indifferent and care¬ 
less about saluting and if they are shabby and lax in their 
dress, the company commander is more or less to blame for 
it—company officers can always correct defects of this kind, 
if they will only try to overcome them. 

Under no circumstances should an officer ever swear at 
the men under his command, because not only is this taking 
a mean, unfair advantage of his position as an officer, but it 


14 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


is also undignified, ungentlemanly and by all means, un¬ 
military. It is even more improper for an officer to use pro¬ 
fane language to a man in ranks than it is for a superior 
officer to swear at the other officer; in the latter case the in¬ 
sult can be properly resented, and in the former one, it 
must be borne in humiliating silence. Officers should at 
all times treat men under their command as men, and they 
should remember there is nothing that will so completely 
take the spirit out of men as to find fault with them when 
they are doing the best they can. 

The general efficiency and discipline of a company de¬ 
pend to such an extent on the non-commissioned officers 
that the greatest care, as well as judgment, should be exer¬ 
cised in their selection. They should exact prompt obed¬ 
ience from those to whom they give orders, and should see 
that all men under them perform or execute the orders or 
duties properly. 

They must not hesitate to reprove them when necessary, 
but such reproof must not be any more severe than the oc¬ 
casion demands. 

Non-commissioned officers should be men possessing 
such soldierly qualities as a high sense of duty, cheerful 
obedience to orders, force of character, honesty, sobriety 
and steadiness, together with an intelligent knowledge of 
tactics, drills, regulations and the duties of a police officer. 

Both the officers and non-commissioned officers of the 
company should do everything possible to make the organi¬ 
zation contented and harmonious, as contentment and har-. 
mony are not only conducive to good discipline and effi¬ 
ciency, but they make the government of the company easy 
and reduce dissatisfaction to a small degree and all other 
frictions to a minimum. 


INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 
FORMATIONS, ETC. 


Definitions. 

1. Alignment —tA straight line upon which several ele¬ 
ments are formed, or are to be formed; or the dressing of 
several elements upon a straight line. 

2. Base —The element on which a movement is exe¬ 
cuted or regulated. 

3. Center —The middle point or element of a com¬ 
mand. 

4. Column —A formation in which the elements are 
placed one behind another. 

5. Deploy —To extend the front. In general to change 
from column to line, or from close order to extended order. 

6. Depth —The space from head to rear of any forma¬ 
tion, including the leading and rear elements. The depth 
between men or the depth of a man is assumed to be about 
12 inches. 

7. Distance —Space between elements in the direction 
of depth. Distance is measured from back of the man in 
front to the breast of the man in rear. The distance be¬ 
tween ranks is 40 inches in both line and in column. 

8. Element —A file, squad, platoon, company, or larger 
body, forming part of a still larger body. 

9. File —Two men, the front man is the File- 
Leader. A file which has no rear-rank man is a Blank 
File. The term File applies also to single men in a single 
rank formation. 


15 


16 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


10. File Closers —Such officers and non-commissioned 
officers of a company as are posted in rear of the line. For 
convenience, all men posted in the line of file closers. 

11. Flank —The right or left of a command in line or 
in column; also the element on the right or left of the line. 

12. Formation —Arrangement of the elements of a com¬ 
mand. The placing of all fractions in their order in line, 
in colmun, or for battle. 

13. Front —The space, in width, occupied by an ele¬ 
ment, either in line or in column. The front of a man is 
assumed to be 22 inches. Front also denotes the direction 
of the enemy. 

14. Guide —An officer, non-commissioned officer, or 
private, upon whom the command or elements thereof reg¬ 
ulates its march. 

15. Head —The leading element of a column. 

16. Interval —Space between elements of the same line. 
The interval between men in ranks is 4 inches and is meas¬ 
ured from elbow to elbow. Between companies, squads, 
etc., it is measured from the left elbow of the left man or 
guide of the group on the right, to the right elbow of the 
right man or guide of the group on the left. 

17. Left —The left extremity or element of a body of 
troops. 

18. Line —A formation in which the different elements 
are abreast of each other. 

19. Order, Close —The formation in which the units, 
in double rank, are arranged in line or in column with nor¬ 
mal intervals and distances. 

20. Order, Extended —The formation in which the 
units are separated by intervals greater than in close order. 

21. Pace —Thirty inches; the length of the full step in 
quick time. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 17 


22. Point of Pest —The point at which a formation be¬ 
gins. Specifically, the point toward which units are aligned 
in successive movements. 

23. Bank —A line of men placed side by side. 

24. Bight —|The extremity or element of a body of 
troops. 


INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS, 


Introduction. 

Success in battle is the ultimate object of all military 
training: success may be looked for only when the training 
is intelligent and thorough. 

Commanding officers are accountable for the proper 
training of their respective organizations within the limits 
prescribed by regulations and orders. 

The excellence of an organization is judged by its field 
efficiency. The field efficiency of an organization depends 
primarily upon its effectiveness as a whole. Thoroughness 
and uniformity in the training of the units of an organi¬ 
zation are indispensable to the efficiency of the whole: it is 
by such means alone that the requisite teamwork may be 
developed. 

Simple movements and elastic formations are essential 
to correct training for battle. The Drill Regulations are 
furnished as a guide. They provide the principles for 
training and for increasing the probability of success in 
battle. 

In the interpretation of the regulations, the spirit must 
be sought. Quibbling over the minutiae of form is indica¬ 
tive of failure to grasp the spirit. 

The following important distinctions must be observed: 

Drills executed at Attention and the ceremonies are 
Disciplinary Exercises designed to teach precise and 
soldierly movement, and to inculcate that prompt and sub¬ 
conscious obedience which is essential to proper military 
control. To this end, smartness and precision should be 
exacted in the execution of every detail. Such drills should 
be frequent, but short. 


18 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 19 


The purpose of Extended Order Drill, is to teach the 
mechanism of deployment of the firings, and, in general, of 
the employment of troops in combat. Such drills are in 
the nature of disciplinary exercises and should be frequent, 
thorough, and exact, in order to habituate men to the firm 
control of their leaders. Extended order drill is executed 
At Ease. The company is the largest unit which executes 
extended order at drill. (For further instruction on the 
extended order drill you are referred to Army Drill Regula¬ 
tions, which go into details, but are not of particular serv¬ 
ice to members in the Police Reserve.) 

General Rules for Drills, Formations, Etc. 

When the Preparatory command consists of more than 
one part, its elements are arranged as follows: 

(1) For movements to be executed successively by the 
subdivisions or elements of an organization: (a) Descrip¬ 
tion of the movement: (b) how executed, or on what ele¬ 
ment executed. 

(2) For movements to be executed simultaneously by 
the subdivisions of an organization: (a) The designation 
of the subdivisions: (b) the movement to be executed. 

School of the Squad. 

To form the squad the instructor places himself 3 paces 
in front of where the center is to be and commands: Fall 
In. 

The men assemble at attention, position of a soldier, and 
are arranged as nearly as practicable in order of height 
from right to left, each man executing Right Dress with¬ 
out command, and dropping his left hand as soon as the 
man on his left has his interval. The rear rank man 
forms with distance of 40 inches. 

The instructor, be he Captain or Corporal, should now 
explain to the men in the squad briefly each movement 


20 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


that he expects them to execute, first executing it himself 
if practicable. 

Position of a Soldier —Heels on the same line and as 
near each other as the conformation of the man permits. 

Feet turned out equally and forming an angle of about 
45 degrees. Knees straight without stiffness. Hips level 
and drawn back slightly. Body erect and resting equally 
on hips. Chest lifted and arched. Shoulders square and 
falling equally. 

Arms and hands hanging naturally, thumb along the 
seam of the trousers. Head erect and squarely to the front, 
chin drawn in so that the axis of the head and neck is verti¬ 
cal : eyes straight to the front. Weight of the body resting 
equally upon the heels and balls of the feet. That is the 
position of a soldier and should be maintained at all times 
while in ranks, unless allowed to assume the position of 
rest or at ease, at the command of the officer in charge. 

Being at a halt, the commands are: Fall Out : Rest : 
At Ease : and Parade Rest. 

At the command Fall Out, the men may leave the 
ranks, but are required to remain in the immediate vicinity. 
They resume their former places, at attention (Position of 
a Soldier) at the command, Fall In. 

At the command Rest, each man keeps one foot in place, 
but is not required to preserve silence or immobility. 

At the command At Ease, each man keeps one foot in 
place and is required to preserve silence but not immobility. 
(Do not confuse the two, and pay attention to the com¬ 
mands, and learn to know the difference between At Ease 
and Rest.) 

At the command Parade Rest, carry the right foot 6 
inches straight to the rear, left knee slightly bent; clasp the 
hands, without constraint, in front and center of the body, 
fingers joined, left hand uppermost, left hand thumb 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 21 


clasped by the thumb and forefinger of the right hand: 
preserve silence and steadiness of position. 

To resume the attention: 1 —.Squad, 2—Attention* 
Eyes Right or Left. 

1—Eyes 2—Right (Left) 3— Front. At the com¬ 
mand Right, turn the head to the right oblique, eyes fixed 
on the line of eyes of the men in, or supposed to be in, the 
same rank. At the command Front, turn the head and 
eyes to the front. 

Facings. 

To the flank: 1— Right (Left) 2—Face. 

Raise slightly the left heel and right toe: face to the 
right, turning on the right heel, assisted by a slight pres¬ 
sure on the ball of the left foot: place the left foot by the 
side of the right. Left face is executed on the left heel in 
the corresponding manner. 

Right (Left) Half Face is executed similarly, facing 
45 degrees. “To face in marching/’ and advance, turn on 
the ball of either foot and step off with the other foot in the 
new line of direction: to face in marching without gaining 
ground in the new direction, turn on the ball of either foot 
and mark time. 

To the rear: 1 —About 2—Face. 

Carry the toe of the right foot about a half foot-length 
to the rear and slightly to the left of the left heel without 
changing the position of the left foot: face to the rear, 
turning to the right on the left heel and right toe: place 
the right heel by the side of the left. 

Steps and Marchings. 

All steps and marchings executed from a halt, except 
right step, begin with the left foot. 

The length of the full step in quick time is 30 inches, 
measured from heel to heel, and the cadence is at the rate 


22 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


of 120 steps per minute. The length of the full step in 
double time is 36 inches: the cadence is at the rate of 180 
steps per minute. 

The instructor, when necessary, indicates the cadence of 
the steps by calling one, two, three, four, or left, right, the 
instant the left and right foot, respectively, should be 
planted. 

All steps and marchings and movements involving march 
are executed in Quick Time, unless the squad be marching 
in double time or double time be added to the command: 
in the latter case Double Time is added to the preparatory 
command. (Example. 1—Squad right, double time, 2— 
March.) 

Quick Time: Being at a halt, to march forward in 
quick time: 1— Forward, 2— March. At the command 
forward, shift the weight of the body to the right leg, left 
knee straight. At the command March, move the left 
foot smartly forward, straight out, 30 inches from the right, 
sole near the ground, and plant it without shock: next in 
like manner, advance the right foot and plant without shock 
as above: continue the march. The arms swing naturally. 
Being at a halt, or in march in quick time, to march in 
double time: 1— Double Time 2— March. If at a halt, 
at the first command shift the weight of the body to the 
right leg. At the command March, raise the forearms, 
fingers closed, to a horizontal position alongside the waist 
line; take up an easy run with the step and cadence of 
double time, allowing a natural swinging motion to the 
arm. 

If marching in quick time, at the command March, 
given as either foot strikes the ground, take one step in 
quick time, and then step off in double time. To resume 
the quick time: 1— Quick Time, 2— March. At the 
command March, given as either foot strikes the ground, 
advance and plant the other foot in double time: resume the 
quick time, dropping the hands by the side. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 23 


Mark Time: Being in march: 1— Mark Time, 2 — 
March. 

At the command March, given as either foot strikes the 
ground, advance and plant the other foot: bring up the foot 
in the rear and continue the cadence by alternately raising 
each foot about 2 or 3 inches and planting it in line with the 
other. 

Being at a halt, at the command, March, raise and 
plant the feet as described above. 

The Half Step. 1— Half Step, 2— March. Take 
steps 15 inches in quick time, 18 inches in double time. 

Forward, Half Step, Halt and Mark Time, may be 
executed one from the other in quick or double time. To 
resume the full step from half step or mark time: 1 — 
Forward, 2—March. 

Side Step. Being at a halt or mark time: Right 
(left) Step, 2— March. 

Carry and plant the right foot 15 inches to the right: 
bring the left foot beside it and continue the movement in 
the cadence of quick time. 

The side step is used for short distances only and is not 
to be executed in double time. 

Back Step : Being at a halt or mark time: 1— Back¬ 
ward, 2—March. 

Take steps of 15 inches straight to the rear. The back 
step is used for short distances only and is not to be exe¬ 
cuted in double time. 

To Halt : To arrest the march in quick or double time: 
1 —Squad, 2 —Halt. 

At the command Halt, given as either foot strikes the 
ground, plant the other foot as in marching: Raise and 
place the first foot by the side of the other. If in double 
time, drop the hands by the sides. 


24 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


To March by the Flank : Being in the march: 1 — 
To the Bear, 2—March. 

At the command March, given as the right foot strikes 
the ground, advance and plant the left foot: turn to the 
right about on the balls of both feet and immediately step 
off with the left foot. If marching in double time, turn to 
the right about, taking four short steps in place, keeping 
the cadence and then step off with the left foot. 

Change Step: Being in line, 1— Change Step, 2— 
March. 

At the command March, given as the right foot strikes 
the ground, advance and plant the left foot: plant the ball 
of the right foot near the heel of the left and step off with 
the left foot. 

The change on the right is similarly executed, the com¬ 
mand March being given as the left foot strikes the 
ground. 


SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD, SOLDIER AND THE 
COMPANY. 


Stand at attention immediately after the First Sergeant 
commands “Fall In,” and you have taken your proper 
place in the line. Remember that this command is equiva¬ 
lent to “Company Attention ” 

The First Sergeant then commands, Count off. At 
this command all except the right file executes, Eyes 
Right, and beginning on the right, the men in each rank 
count, One, Two, Three, Four,—One, Two, Three, 
Four; each man turns his head and eyes to the front as he 
counts. 

To align the squad or company, the base file or files 
having been established: Right (left) Dress. Front. 
At the command Dress, all men place the left hand upon 
the hip, fingers and thumb all joined and extended 
(whether dressing to the right or left); each man, except 
the base file, when on or near the new line executes eyes 
right, and, taking steps 2 or 3 inches, places himself so 
that his right arm rests lightly against the arm of the man 
on his right, and so that his eyes and shoulders are in line 
with those of the men on his right; the rear rank covers in 
file. The purpose of placing the left hand on the hip is to 
get enough elbow room to move freely. These four inch 
intervals give it to him. The First Sergeant or instructor 
verifies the alignment of both ranks from the right flank 
and orders up or back such men as are in advance or in the 
rear of the line, such as: out on the left, back a little in 
the center; only the men designated move. At the com¬ 
mand, Front, given when the ranks are aligned, each man 
turns his head and eyes to the front and drops his left hand 
smartly by his side. 


25 


26 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


There are a number of common errors in dressing that 
you should try to avoid. Do not jab the man on your left 
with the point of your elbow. If you are not on the line 
move your feet, and dress accordingly. Do not lean back¬ 
ward or forward. Be certain to keep your left elbow forced 
well to the front. Also be sure to touch gently the man 
on your right with your right arm. Don’t hump up the 
left or the right shoulder, and do not turn the body so that 
the right shoulder is forced to the front. Be sure to have 
the fingers and thumb of the left hand extended and joined. 
This may be a little uncomfortable at the beginning, but 
unless you do this movement correctly the intervals will not 
be the four inches as required. 

Be sure to remember your numbers, after you have 
counted off, as the whole movement from now on depends 
upon the man who is to act as the Pivot, etc.; and if your 
number one and number four men go wrong, then the 
whole squad goes wrong. The value of the numbers you 
will later appreciate, in the execution of the different 
squad or company movements, such as Squads Right, 
Squads Right About, or Right or Left Turn. 

The squads now having counted off, successively from 
right to left, as described, and Corporals having placed 
themselves as Number four of the front rank, the First 
Sergeant divides his company into platoons, from right to 
left, and these designations do not change. This is done 
for the convenience in giving commands and for reference, 
the designations, right, center, left, when in line, and lead¬ 
ing, center or rear, when in column, are applied to platoons 
or squads. These designations, right, center, left, when in 
line, and leading, center, rear, when in column, are applied 
to the actual right, center, left, head or rear, in whatever 
direction the company or squads may be facing. The cen¬ 
ter squad or center platoon is the middle or right middle 
squad of the company. The designation “So-and-so’s” 
squad or platoon may also be used. 

The Captain places himself 12 paces in front of the cen- 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 27 


ter of, and facing, the company in time to receive the re¬ 
port of the First Sergeant. 

The First Sergeant commands: Report. Remaining in 
position each squad leader reports his squad by saluting, in 
succession from right to left, thus: First squad all present, 
or, Three privates absent. The First Sergeant does not re¬ 
turn the salute of the squad leaders, he then faces about, 
salutes the Captain, reports: Sir, All Present or Ac¬ 
counted for, or the names of the unauthorized absentees, 
and without command takes his post. 

The Captain then designates his platoon leaders and 
takes command of the company. 

There are many movements which can be executed in 
close order, but for the purpose of having the company or 
squads well drilled before advancing further into the drill 
regulations it would be well to first master the three move¬ 
ments that follow and to lay especial stress on the full 
importance of the three movements which are the school of 
the squad. 

When the men in squads have thoroughly mastered these 
three movements, they will have a splendid basis for the 
balance or remainder of the instructions covered in the 
school of the squad. 

1—Squads Eight (left) 2— March. 

At the command March, No. 1 in the front rank faces 
to the right in marching and marks time; Nos. 2, 3, and 4 
of the front rank turn 45 degrees to the right (execute 
right oblique), place themselves abreast (on the same line) 
with No. 1 man and then mark time. 

Here is where the trouble all lies, and it is difficult for 
men to get the full understanding of the movement of the 
rear rank. Instructors must insist that this movement be 
done correctly before advancing further. 

Rear Rank; number 3 marches straight to the front. 


28 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


Number 2 follows number 3, and the number one man 
follows number 2. When they all (Nos. 3, 2, and 1) ar¬ 
rive in the rear of their file leaders (Nos. 3, 2, and 1, 
front rank) they all face to the right in marching and 
mark time. No. 4 of the rear rank marches straight to the 
front, four paces and places himself abreast of number 3, 
rear rank and opposite number 4 or his file leader in the 
front rank. Now, when number 4 front rank and number 
4, rear rank are on the line, and it is necessary for the 
other men in the squad to glance toward them to see when 
they have arrived on the line, the whole squad marches 
forward without further command. Here we now have the 
correct execution of the command, Squads Eight. 

Had the command been squads left, instead of squads 
right as described, the movement would have been just the 
opposite and where number 1 front rank marked time, mak¬ 
ing him a fixed pivot, in squads left, the number 4 man 
would have been the fixed pivot. 

Now being in a column of squads, to turn and halt, the 
command would be 1— Squads Right, (left) 2— March, 
3— Squads, 4 — Halt. 

This movement is executed as prescribed in the preced¬ 
ing case, except that all the men, on arriving on the new 
line, mark time in place until the command Halt is given, 
when all halt. Bear this in mind whenever the third com¬ 
mand (i.e., Squads) is given, it means that the command 
Halt is to follow, and is given as a sort of caution to pre¬ 
pare to halt. The command halt should always be given 
as No. 4 arrives on the line. 

The next movement is rather hard but can be done with 
ease by paying strict attention and following out the hints 
as here given. 

Being in line, to turn about and continue the march. 

1—Squads Right (left) About, 2— March. 

At the command March, the front rank twice executes 
Squads Right, initiating (starting the second Squad 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 29 


Right when No. 4 has arrived on the line.) That part is 
very easy and simple. Now the harder task is with the 
rear rank. A good way to get the movement correct is to 
have it first executed by the front and rear rank separately. 
Let the front rank take its place on the new line and stand 
fast, and then take the rear rank and explain this to them 
by the numbers of the men. No. 3 rear rank moves 
straight to the front until in prolongation of the line to be 
occupied by the rear rank; as in squads right, No. 2 fol¬ 
lows No. 3 and No. 1 follows No. 2. When No. 3 arrives 
on the line to be occupied by the rear rank he changes 
direction until in rear of No. 3 front rank, when Nos. 3, 2, 
and 1, rear rank, are in the rear or covering Nos. 3, 2, and 
1, front rank (i.e., when they are in the rear of their front 
rank men,) they all face to the right in marching and 
mark time. No. 4 marches on the left of No. 3 to his 
place in line, and as he arrives on the line, both ranks exe¬ 
cute Forward March without further command. For the 
remainder of the squad to know when No. 4 front and 
rear rank have arrived on the line, they must glance in 
that direction to see. 

A very simple way to assist the men in executing this 
movement is to have them make half the movement with 
a count of five, then the other half in a count of five, on 
the eleventh count to step off in the new direction. In 
other words, the movement is done with eleven counts. 
Ten to complete it and the eleventh to take up the march. 

Try this and you will surely get good results. Have the 
men for the first few times count out loud the full eleven 
counts. 

Now we will advance and take up the turn. 

Right Turn : Being in column of squads, the command 
is given, 1— Right (left) Turn, 2— March. 

At the command March, No. 1 front rank man faces to 
the right in marching and takes the half step or fifteen 
inches. Nos. 2, 3, and 4 front rank oblique (turning about 
45 degrees to the right) until opposite their place in line 


ao POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


then execute a second right oblique and take the half step 
on arriving abreast of the pivot man, which in this case is 
No. 1. When No. 4 arrives on the line with Nos. 1, 2, 3, 
and 4, take the full step without further command. The 
rear rank executes the movement in the same way and 
turns on the same ground as the front rank. The rear rank, 
therefore, moves forward at the command March, or con¬ 
tinues to march forward, if already marching, until it ar¬ 
rives at the place where the front rank turned, when it 
turns. (To know when number 4 arrives on the line it is 
necessary to glance in his direction.) 

Bear this point in mind. The squad turns on No. 1 man 
front rank, but he does not remain in his position even 
temporarily, as in squads right; therefore he is called the 
moving pivot, and No. 4 man the marching flank. Thus 
we have the fixed pivot in squads right and the moving 
pivot explained in right turn, or column right. Bear this 
in mind, the difference between the fixed pivot and the 
moving pivot, and you will not go wrong or the men in the 
squad with you. 

Knowing the three movements as described you will do 
well to practice them over until they are done correctly be¬ 
fore advancing into other movements, and then when you 
have, it is time to take up the following. 

For further instruction of the men, the squad being in 
column or correctly aligned as a company, the instructor 
or captain causes the men to make a half right face (or 
half left) and then points out to them their relative posi¬ 
tions and explains to them that these are to be maintained 
in the oblique march. Try this in the form of facings. 
Then try this on the march. 1— Bight (left) Oblique, 
2— March. Each man steps off in a direction of 45 de¬ 
grees to the right of his original front. He preserves his 
relative position, keeping his shoulders parallel to those of 
the guide, and so regulates his steps that the ranks remain 
parallel to their original front. The man on the right 
front of the line or column is the guide. (Unless other¬ 
wise announced.) 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 31 


At the command Halt, the men halt and face to the 
front. To resume the original direction: 1—Forward, 

2— March. The men half face to the left in marching 
and then move straight to the front. 

If at half step or mark time, while obliquing, the oblique 
march is resumed by the command: Oblique March. 

We will now take up a few movements in the School of 
the Company and see what the result will be. 

Caution ! 

It would be always well, considering that the squad or 
platoon that you are instructing are recruits and have had 
but little training, to caution the guides first that the move¬ 
ment about to be executed is on a moving pivot or a fixed 
pivot, as the case may be, until such time in your opinion 
that they have acquired sufficient knowledge to determine 
themselves which is which. Also make a practice of talk¬ 
ing to the guides and asking questions to see if they 
understand the execution of the movements. It would 
also be a good practice to change the non-coms, about 
and allow each in turn to act as a guide from time to time 
during the drill period. 

This movement is one that is executed on a fixed pivot. 

Being in line, to turn the company: 1 — Company 
Bight (left): 2—March: 3— Company: 4 —Halt: or 

3— Forward, 4—March. 

At the second command the right-flank man in the 
front rank faces to the right in marching and marks time: 
the other front-rank men, oblique to the right, place them¬ 
selves abreast of the pivot, and mark time: in the rear rank 
the third man from the right, followed in column by the 
second and first, moves straight to the front until in rear 
of his front rank man, when all face to the right in march¬ 
ing and mark time. The remaining men of the rear rank 
move straight to the front 4 paces, oblique to the right, 
place themselves abreast of the third man, cover their file 


32 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


leaders, and mark time. The right guide steps back, takes 
post on the flank and marks time. 

The fourth command is given when the last man is 1 pace 
in rear of the new line. 

The command Halt may be given at any time after the 
movement begins. Only those halt who are in the new posi¬ 
tion. Each of the others halts upon arriving on the line, 
aligns himself to the right, and executes front without 
command. 

The difference between this movement and squad right is 
slight. The rear rank acts little differently, and the com¬ 
pany waits for the command to move forward. The idea 
is exactly the same. 

Now here is a movement that you must not confuse 
with the last one explained. 

Being in line, to change direction: 1— Bight (left) 
Turn, 2—March, 3—'Forward, 4—March. 

Executed as described in the school of the squad, except 
that the men do not glance toward the marching flank, and 
that all take the full step at the fourth command. The 
right guide is the pivot of the front rank. Each rear-rank 
man obliques on the same ground as his file leader. 

Being in line to form column of squads and change di¬ 
rection: 1— Bight (left) By Squads, 2—March. 

At the command March, the right squad marches For¬ 
ward. The remainder of the company executes Squads 
Bight, Column Left, and follows the right squad. The 
right guide, when he has posted himself in front of the 
right squad, takes four short steps, then resumes the full 
steps. The right squad conforms. 

A very common error is for the guide to forget to take 
the four short steps. Try to always bear this in mind. 
Keep dressed on the side of the guide. (He is always on 
the side opposite from the file closers. This is a rule of 
thumb that should be memorized at once.) 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 33 


The guides in every squad should keep 40 inches from 
the man in front. So many men forget about the 40 
inches, and take a little over 30 inches, or else lag to 
50 inches. When the company is moved into line there 
is of course a jam as a result of not keeping the proper 
distance or else a space is created. Hold your head up 
while on the march, in fact at all times. Don’t look 
down at the ground. You will be in this column formation 
more than any other. Try to keep this rule in mind:—The 
leading man of the company should always have four 
inches interval. Better to have too much than too little 
if mistakes are to be insisted upon. In other words, when 
on the march in column of squads cover in file, and follow 
the man ahead of you. 

A guide is a non-commissioned officer or a private upon 
whom the company regulates its march. It is rather diffi¬ 
cult for an inexperienced man to learn with little practice 
the duties and the correct positions of a guide. Bemember 
the rule of thumb. The guide and file closers are on the 
opposite flanks when the company is in column of squads. 
In Squads Bight About it would be most ridiculous for 
the file closers to move from one flank to the other. 

Guides are permitted and supposed to look around to see 
if they are in their proper places. Most new men are some¬ 
what timid about this, but should not be so. 

The following little rules and examples will be of ma¬ 
terial service to non-commissioned officers who act as 
guides:— 

The guide of a company or platoon in line is right, un¬ 
less otherwise announced. 

The guide of a company or platoon in column of squads 
is toward the side of the guide, who places himself on the 
side of the company away from the file closers. 

The guide of a deployed line (skirmish line) is always 
center unless otherwise announced. 


34 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

For example the following are given:— 

The company is now assumed to be in line:— 

1. Squads right. The guides go to the left flank. 

2. Right by squads. The guides go to the left flank. 

3. Squads left. The guides go to the right flank. 

4. Left by squads. The guides go to the right flank. 

5. If the company is in column of squads and the com¬ 
mand is either Squads Right or Left About, the guides 
are simply to remember to remain on the flank opposite 
from the file closers. It is very easy to readily see that 
much confusion would be caused by the file closers at¬ 
tempting to move to the opposite flank during squads 
right or left about. If the guides are in doubt look to see 
where the file closers are and then simply remember to 
apply the rule of thumb. File closers and guides are al¬ 
ways on opposite flanks. 

The men in the line will soon become accustomed to the 
proper positions of the guides and will look to them to 
take their proper places and if they do not, it will allow 
a man in the line at times to perhaps become confused in 
the execution of some movement, therefore it is abso¬ 
lutely necessary that guides always take their proper places. 

Being in column of squads, to change direction. 

1—Column Right (left) 2 —March. 

At the second command, the front rank of the leading 
squad turns to the right on moving pivot, as in the School 
of the Squad the other ranks, without command, turn suc¬ 
cessively on the same ground and in a similar manner. 

It is a very common error for the pivot man to take too 
short a step on this movement and thereby cause a jam. 
Bear this in mind. Also another very common error is 
for the flank man (or men) to take a very long step. This 
is caused usually by the pivot man’s forgetting to glance 
and see when the flank-man arrives on the line, before he 
takes the full step. Another common error is to get out 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 35 


of column while making the movement. Try to bear this 
in mind and always walk straight to the turning point and 
then cover the man in front of you, in other words, cover 
in column. 

The movement now about to be explained is usually one 
that will cause at first much confusion, but with practice 
will very soon become so easy that you will wonder how 
you ever did it wrong. Simply pay attention to the com¬ 
mand and you cannot go wrong. 

Being in column of platoons or squads, to form line on 
right or left. 

1 —On Right (left) Into Line, 2— March, 3— Com¬ 
pany, 4 — Halt, 5 — Front (On right (left) into line, 
means turn in the direction that is on your right and get 
into line. You have to be in column of squads or platoons 
before the movement is begun.) 

For illustration, let us first consider the company in 
column of squads. 

At the Captain’s command, On Right Into Line, the 
Corporal of the leading squad commands, Right Turn. 
The Corporals of all remaining squads, if halted command, 
Forward, if marching they caution their men in the 
squads, to Continue the March. At the Captain’s com¬ 
mand March, the leading squad turns to the right on a 
moving pivot. The remaining squads march straight to 
the front. Each Corporal commands Right Turn, before 
arriving opposite the right of his squad’s place in line. 
When the front rank of his squad has arrived opposite that 
place he gives the command March. 

The command Halt is given when the leading squad 
has advanced the desired distance in the new direction. 
Only the leading squad halts. The Corporal then com¬ 
mands Right Dress. The remaining Corporals before ar¬ 
rival on the line, command Squad, and add the command 
Halt just before the front rank reaches the line. They 
then command Right Dress. The Captain then dresses 
the company and commands Front. 


36 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


If this movement is executed in double time the leading 
squad marches in double time until halted. 

So much for the movement in column of squads. We 
will now take it up in a column of Platoons. 

At the Captain’s command. On Eight Into Line, the 
leader of the first platoon commands. Eight Turn, the 
leaders of the rear platoons, if halted, command, Forward. 
If marching, they caution their platoons to Continue the 
March. The first platoon executes the right turn at the 
Captain’s command March. Having completed the turn 
the platoon commander gives the command, Forward, 
March. The remaining platoon commanders give Eight 
Turn, March, when opposite their places, and the com¬ 
mand Forward, March, when the turn has been com¬ 
pleted. When the leading platoon has advanced the de¬ 
sired distance the Captain gives the command, Company, 
Halt. At the command Company, the leading platoon 
leader gives the command Platoon. His platoon only 
halts at the Captain’s command Halt. The platoon leader 
then gives the command, Eight Dress, and takes his post 
in the file closers. The remaining platoons are successively 
halted and dressed by their leader. The Captain gives the 
command Front after he has dressed the line. 

Do not allow yourself to become confused by the follow¬ 
ing, but pay strict attention and note the difference be¬ 
tween the latter and the former movement and how it is 
executed. 

Front Into Line: Being in column of platoons or 
squads, to form line to the front: 1 —Eight (left) 
Front Into Line, 2—March, 3—Company, 4—Halt, 
5—FkONT. (Eight or left front into line means move 
straight to the right or left front and get into line. It is 
also necessary in this movement to be in column of squads 
or platoons, to begin the movement.) 

Let us consider the company in column of squads. At 
the captain’s command, Eight Front Into Line, the Cor¬ 
poral of the leading squad, if halted, commands Forward. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 37 


If marching, he cautions his squad, Continue the March. 
The Corporals of the remaining squads command Eight 
Oblique. At the command March, the leading squad 
moves forward. The remaining squads oblique as indi¬ 
cated. The command Halt is given when the leading 
squad has advanced the desired distance. Its Corporal 
then commands, Left Dress. The remaining Corporals 
command Forward, March, when opposite their places in 
line. They halt and dress their squads on the line estab¬ 
lished by the leading squad. 

When the company is in column of platoons the move¬ 
ment is executed in the same manner and by the same 
commands, except the word platoon is substituted for 
squad. 

Execution of Movements. 

It would be well to make mention here that when the 
Captain, non-commissioned officer, or drill instructor, find 
that the men in the company, platoon or squad, do not 
thoroughly understand the execution of any movement, or 
there seems to be the slightest confusion, this should be 
sufficient proof to them that the men do not have the con¬ 
fidence that they should. It would be best to have them 
go through that particular movement that they do not seem 
to understand until they are confident of themselves and 
execute it to demonstrate that they are confident of the 
pivot man and the entire movement from start to finish. 

The great trouble in most squads is that the Corporals 
take it for granted that the men understand the commands 
or fully understand how the movement is executed, where¬ 
as it is their duty and a part of their business to determine 
if they do, and where they see an error to correct it and also 
to assist in the movement being properly executed at all 
times. If the Corporals will assist in this work, the squad 
will soon be whipped into fine shape and need have no 
fear of any command; for the men will understand per¬ 
fectly how each one is to be executed, and not being afraid 
of it, will not be likely to cause confusion. 


38 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


The one main thing is to know what the movement is for 
and not simply follow the leader in the file, but ask after 
the drill the question you are in doubt about, or look it up, 
and you will seldom make the mistake a second time. 

Being in line, to form column of squads, or the reverse: 
or being in line of platoons, to form column of platoons, or 
the reverse: 1 — Squads Eight (left), 2 — March: or 1 — 
Squads Right (left), 2 — March, 3 — Company, 4— Halt. 

Executed by each squad as described in the School of the 
Squad. If the company or platoon be formed in line to¬ 
ward the side of the file closers they dart through the 
column and take posts in rear of the company at the sec¬ 
ond command. If the column of squads be formed from 
line, the file closers take posts on the pivot flank, abreast 
of and 4 inches from the nearest flank. 

Being in column of squads, to diminish the front of a 
column of squads, the command is: 1 — Right, (left) by 
Twos, 2 — March. 

At the command March, all files except the two Tight 
files of the leading squad execute, “In Place Halt.” The 
two left files of the leading squads oblique to the right when 
disengaged and follow the right files at the shortest practi¬ 
cable distance. The remaining squads follow successively 
in like manner. 

Being in column of squads or twos: 1 — Right, (left) 
by File, 2 — March. At the command March, all files 
execute, “In Place Halt” except the right file of the 
leading two or squad. The left file or files of the leading 
two or squad oblique to the right when disengaged and fol¬ 
low the file on its right at the shortest practicable distance. 
The remaining twos or squads follow successively in like 
manner. 

Being in column of files or twos to form column of 
squads: or being in column of files, to form column of 
twos: 1 — Squads (twos) Right Front Into Line, 2— 
March. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 39 


At the command March, the leading file or files halt. 
The remainder of the squad, or twos, obliques to the right 
and halts on line with the leading file or files. The re¬ 
maining squads or twos close up successively and form in 
rear of the first in like manner. 

The movement described in this paragraph will be or¬ 
dered Eight or Left, so as to restore the files to their 
normal relative positions in column of twos or in column 
of squads. 

These movements are difficult at attention, and have no 
disciplinary value, but there are times when it is necessary 
to execute them, as, for example, in marching through a 
door of a building, or a gateway, and then immediately 
reforming the squads. 


BATTALION PARADE. 


At Adjutant’s Call, the battalion is formed in line 
but not presented. Lieutenants take their posts in front 
of the center of their respective platoons at the Captain’s 
command for dressing his company on the line. The Ma¬ 
jor takes post at a convenient distance in front of the 
center and facing the battalion. 

The Adjutant, from his post in front of the battalion, 
after commanding: 1— Guides, 2 — Posts, adds, 1— 
Parade, 2 — Rest. The battalion executes parade rest. 
The Adjutant directs the band: Sound Off. 

The officer reviewing the parade, and his staff, stand at 
parade rest with folded arms, while the band is sounding 
off. 

The band or field music, playing in quick time, passes 
in front of the line of officers to the right of the line and 
back to its post on the right, when it ceases playing. At 
evening parade, when the band ceases playing, retreat is 
sounded by the field music and, following the last note and 
while the flag is being lowered, the band plays The Star 
Spangled Banner. 

Just before the last note of retreat, the Adjutant comes 
to attention and, as the last note ends, commands: 1— 
Battalion, 2 —Attention. 

When the band ceases playing he commands: 1— Pre¬ 
sent, 2 — Arms (Baton). He then turns about and re¬ 
ports : Sir, The Parade is Formed. The Major directs 
the Adjutant: Take Your Post, Sir. The Adjutant 
moves at a walk (quick time), passes by the Major’s right, 
and takes his post. 


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42 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


The Major then draws saber and commands: (carrying 
baton he holds same at attention) 1—Order, 2 —Arms, 
(1—Carry, 2 —Batons.) and then adds such exercises in 
the manual of arms as he may desire. Officers, non-com¬ 
missioned officers, commanding companies or armed with 
the saber and the color guard, having once executed order 
arms (Carry Batons) remain in that position during the 
exercises in the manual. 

The Major then directs the Adjutant: Receive the 
Reports, Sir. 

The Adjutant, passing by the Major’s right, advances to¬ 
ward the center of the line, halts midway between it and 
the Major, and commands: Report. 

The reports received, the Adjutant turns about, and re¬ 
ports: Sir, All are Present or Accounted por: or, 
Sir (so many) Officers or Men are Absent including 
in the list those from the band and field music reported to 
him by the Drum Major prior to the parade. 

The Major directs: Publish the Orders, Sir. 

The Adjutant turns about and commands: Attention 
to Orders ; he then reads the orders and commands: 1— 
Officers, 2 —Center, 3—March. 

At the command Center, the company officers face to the 
center. At the command March, they close to the center 
and face to the front without command; the Adjutant 
turns about and takes his post. 

The officers having closed and faced to the front, the 
senior commands: 1— Forward, 2 — March. The officers 
advance, the band playing. The left officer of the center 
or right center company is the guide, and marches on the 
major. The officers are halted at 6 paces from the Major 
by the senior who commands: 1—Officers, 2 —Halt. 
They halt and salute, returning to the carry saber (baton) 
with the Major. The Major then gives such instructions as 
he deems necessary, and commands: 1— Officers, 2 — 
Posts, 3—March, 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 43 


At the command Posts, company officers face about. 

At the command Mabch, they step off with guide as be¬ 
fore, and the senior commands: 1 — Officers, 2 — Halt, 
so as to halt 3 paces from the line. He then adds: 1— 
Posts, 2—March. 

At the command Posts, officers face outward and, at the 
command March, step off in succession at 4 paces distance, 
resume their posts and order saber (baton;) the Lieuten¬ 
ants march directly to their posts in the rear of their com¬ 
panies. 

The music ceases when all officers have resumed their 
posts. 

The Major then commands: 1 — Pass In Review, 2— 
Squads Right, 3 — March, and returns saber. 

The battalion marches according to the principles of re¬ 
view; when the last company has passed, the ceremony is 
concluded. 

The band continues to play while the companies are in 
march upon the parade ground. Companies are formed 
in column of squads, without halting, and are marched to 
their respective parades by their Captains. 

When the company officers have saluted the Major, he 
may direct them to form line with the staff, in which case 
they individually move to the front, passing to the right 
and left of the Major and staff, halt on the line established 
by the staff, face about, and stand at attention. 

The music ceases when the officers join the staff. The 
Major causes the companies to pass in review under com¬ 
mand of their first Sergeants by the same commands as be¬ 
fore. The company officers return the saber with the Ma¬ 
jor and remain at attention. 

Battalion Review. 

The battalion having been formed in line, the Major 
faces to the front: the reviewing officer moves a few paces 


44 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


toward the Major, and halts; the Major turns about and 
commands: 1— 'Present, 2—Arms, (Batons) and again 
turns about and salutes. 

The reviewing officer returns the salute; the Major turns 
about, brings the battalion to order arms (Carry Batons) 
and again turns to the front. 

Reviewing officer approaches to about 6 paces from the 
Major, the latter salutes, takes post on the right, and ac¬ 
companies him around the battalion. The band plays. 

The reviewing officer proceeds to the right of the band, 
passes in front of the Captains to the left of the line, and 
returns to the right, passing in rear of the file closers and 
the band. 

On arriving at the right of the line, the Major salutes, 
halts, and when the reviewing officer and staff have passed 
moves directly to his post in front of the battalion, faces 
it, and commands: 1— Pass In Review, 2 — Squads 
Right, 3— March. 

At the first command the band changes direction if 
necessary, and halts. 

At the third command, given when the band has changed 
direction, the battalion moves off, the band playing. With¬ 
out command from the Major the column changes direction 
at the points indicated, and column of companies at full 
distance is formed successively to the left at the second 
change of direction; the Major takes his post 30 paces in 
front of the band immediately after the second change. 
The band having passed the reviewing officer, turns to the 
left out of the column, takes post in front of and facing the 
reviewing officer, and remains there until the review termi¬ 
nates. 

The Major and his staff salute, turn the head as in eyes 
right, and look toward the reviewing officer when the Major 
is 6 paces from him. They return to the carry and turn 
the head and eyes to the front when the Major has passed 
6 paces beyond him. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 45 


Without facing about, each Captain or special unit com¬ 
mander, except the Drum Major, commands: 1— Eyes, 
in time to add, 2 — Right, when at 6 paces from the re¬ 
viewing officer, and commands Front, when at 6 paces 
beyond him. At the command Eyes, the company 
officers and non-commissioned officers armed with the sa¬ 
ber (baton) execute the first motion of Present Saber 
(baton); at the command Right, all turn head and eyes to 
the right, the company officers complete Present Saber, 
and the non-commissioned officers, armed with the saber, 
execute the first motion of Present Saber (that is to say, 
they do not follow the same action as the Captain in his 
manner of Present Saber). At the command Front, all 
turn head and eyes to the front, and officers and non-com¬ 
missioned officers armed with the saber resume the Carry 
Saber. Without arms or batons in hand the first motion 
of the hand salute is made at the command Right, and the 
second motion not made until the command Front. 

Non-commissioned staff officers, non-commissioned offi¬ 
cers in charge or command of subdivisions, and the Drum 
Major, salute, turn head and eyes, return to the front, re¬ 
sume the carry or drop the hand, at the points prescribed 
for the Major. Officers and dismounted non-commissioned 
officers in command of subdivisions with.arms in hand, 
render the rifle or saber salute. Guides charged with the 
step, pace, and direction, do not execute Eyes Right. 

If the reviewing officer is entitled to a salute from the 
color, the regimental color salutes when 6 paces from him, 
and is raised when 6 paces beyond him. 

The Major having saluted, takes his post on the right of 
the reviewing officer, returns saber and remains there until 
the rear of the battalion has passed, then salutes, draws 
saber, and rejoins his battalion. The band ceases to play 
when the column has completed its second change of direc¬ 
tion after passing the reviewing officer. 

The review terminates when rear company has passed 
the reviewing officer. 


46 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


It might be well to make mention here that while all this 
ceremony is intended for troops in military service, the 
semi-police or military organizations can be guided accord¬ 
ingly, in so far as the parts wherein the saber, etc., is men¬ 
tioned, and also other parts, such as the salute of the 
colors. All those minor details must be taken into con¬ 
sideration and this Manual is but to guide you as to the 
right procedure regarding formations and the proper way 
to conduct the various formations. 

For instance, where the command is small, and the Ma¬ 
jor in charge is the reviewing officer, conditions must be 
taken into consideration and the Major will have to be 
guided accordingly and act as Major, as well as the review¬ 
ing officer. 

Manual of the Color. 

At the Carry, the heel of the pike rests in the socket of 
the sling; the right hand grasps the pike at the height of 
the shoulder. 

At the Order, the heel of the pike rests on the ground 
near the right toe, the right hand holding the pike in a 
vertical position. 

At Parade Rest, the heel of the pike is on the ground, 
as at the Order ; the pike is held with both hands in front 
of the center of the body, left hand uppermost. 

The Order is resumed at the command Attention. 

The left hand assists the right when necessary. 

The Carry, is the habitual position when the troops are 
at a shoulder, port, or trail. 

The Order, and Parade Rest, are executed with the 
troops. 

The Color Salute ; being at a carry, slip the right hand 
up the pike to the height of the eye then lower the pike by 
straightening the arm to the front. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 47 


There are certain conditions that must always be taken 
into consideration where Home Defense Units are con¬ 
cerned, and each company Captain will have to make a 
study of same, and likewise a District Major, to meet the 
conditions which treat with the color. For instance, a 
common practice in most companies of the Reserve is for 
them to carry their own individual set of colors, which in¬ 
clude the national color and the police or precinct flag. In 
some precincts they also have the service flag. Such being 
the case, they operate and execute movements that are not 
provided for in the Army Drill Regulations, for the reason 
that individual units or companies operating as detach¬ 
ments do not carry colors. Colors are always found with 
Headquarters. So with District Majors they will have to 
instruct color guards just what is wanted of them as to 
formation, and where to form on the line, and as to 
salutes, etc. 

This Manual is intended to introduce into the Reserve a 
certain set of rules so that all companies and battalions will 
execute them in a similar manner, allowing for conditions 
as may exist in certain units, such as in the Business Units 
and in the other branches of the Reserve where they do not 
go much into the drill proposition, but are merely organized 
for emergency purposes. 

The Color. 

The word “color” implies the national color; it includes 
the regimental or precinct color, when both are present. 

The rules prescribing the colors to be carried by regi¬ 
ments and battalions on all occasions are contained in 
Army Regulations. 

In garrison, the colors, when not in use, are kept in the 
office or quarters of the Colonel, and are escorted thereto 
and therefrom by the color guard. In camp the colors, 
when not in use, are in front of the Colonel’s tent. From 
reveille to retreat, when the weather permits, they are dis- 


48 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


played uncased; from retreat to reveille and during in¬ 
clement weather they are cased. 

Colors are said to be cased when furled and protected by 
oil-cloth covering. 

The regimental color salutes in the ceremony of escort 
of the colors, and when saluting an officer entitled to the 
honor, but in no other case. 

If marching, the salute is executed when at 6 paces from 
the officer entitled to the salute; the carry is resumed when 
6 paces beyond him. 

The national color renders no salute. 

The Color Guard. 

The color guard consists of two Color Sergeants, who are 
the color bearers, and two experienced privates selected by 
the commanding officer. The senior Color Sergeant carries 
the national colors; the junior Color Sergeant carries the 
regimental color (In the Police Reserve this is really the 
Precinct Flag). 

The regimental color, when carried, is always on the left 
of the national color, in whatever direction they may face. 

The color guard is formed and marched in one rank, the 
color bearers in the center. It is marched in the same 
manner and by the same commands as a squad, substitut¬ 
ing, when necessary, Guard for Squad. 

The color company is the center or right center company 
of the center or right center company or battalion. The 
color guard remains with that company unless otherwise 
directed. 

In line the color guard is in the interval between the 
inner guides of the right and left center companies. 

In line of columns or close order (line) the color guard 
is midway between the right and left center companies and 
on line with the Captains. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 49 


In column of companies or platoons the color guard is 
midway between the color company and the company in 
rear of the color company and equal distance from the 
flanks of the column. 

In close column the color guard is on the flank of the 
color company. 

In column of squads the color guard is in the column be¬ 
tween the color company and the company originally on its 
left. 

When the regiment or battalion is formed in line of 
masses for ceremonies, the color forms on the left of the 
leading company of the center (right center) battalion or 
company. It rejoins the color company when the regiment 
changes from line of masses. 

The color guard when with a battalion that takes the 
battle formation, joins the regimental reserve, whose com¬ 
mander directs the color guard to join a certain company of 
the reserve. 

To go further into the regulations concerning color 
guards, etc., is hardly necessary for Home Defense units, 
as those desiring that information will do better to refer to 
Army Drill Regulations for more advanced information. 


MANUAL OF ARMS 


As soon as practicable the recruit is taught the use, 
nomenclature, and care of his rifle; when fair progress has 
been made in the instruction without arms, he is taught 
the manual of arms; instruction without arms and that 
with arms alternate. 

The following rules govern the carrying of the piece: 

First. The piece is not carried with cartridges in either 
the chamber or the magazine except when specifically or¬ 
dered. When so loaded, or supposed to be loaded, it is 
habitually carried locked; that is, with the safety lock 
turned to the “safe.” At all other times it is carried un¬ 
locked, with the trigger pulled. 

Second. Whenever troops are formed under arms, pieces 
are immediately inspected at the commands: 1 — Inspec¬ 
tion, 2 — Arms, 3 —Order (Right shoulder, port), 4— 
Arms. 

A similar inspection is made immediately before dis¬ 
missal. 

If cartridges are found in the chamber or magazine they 
are removed and placed in the belt. 

Third. The cut-off is kept turned “off” except when car¬ 
tridges are actually used. 

Fourth. The bayonet is not fixed except in bayonet ex¬ 
ercise, on guard, or for combat. 

Fifth. Fall In is executed with the piece at the order 
arms. Fall Out, Rest, and At Ease, are executed as 
without arms. On resuming Attention the position of 
order arms is taken. 


50 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 51 


Sixth. If at the order, unless otherwise prescribed, the 
piece is brought to the right shoulder at the command 
March, the three motions corresponding with the first 
three steps. Movements may be executed at the trail by 
prefacing the preparatory command with the words At 
Trail; as, 1 — At Trail, Forward, 2 — March; the trail 
is taken at the command March. 

When the facings, alignments, open and close ranks, tak¬ 
ing interval or distance, and assemblings are executed from 
the order, raise the piece to the trail while in motion and 
resume the order on halting. 

Seventh. The piece is brought to the order on halting. 
The execution of the order begins when the halt is com¬ 
pleted. 

Eighth. A disengaged hand in double time is held as 
when without arms. 

The following rules govern the execution of the manual 
of arms: 

First. In all positions of the left hand at the balance 
(center of gravity, bayonet unfixed) the thumb clasps the 
piece; the sling is included in the grasp of the hand. 

Second. In all positions of the piece “diagonally across 
the body” the position of the piece, left arm and hand are 
the same as in port arms. 

Third. In resuming the order from any position in the 
manual, the motion next to the last concludes with the 
butt of the piece about 3 inches from the ground, barrel to 
the rear, the left hand above and near the right, steadying 
the piece, fingers extended and joined, forearm and wrist 
straight and inclining downward, all fingers of the right 
hand grasping the piece. To complete the order, lower the 
piece gently to the ground with the right hand, drop the 
left quickly by the side, and take the position of order 
arms. 


52 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


Allowing the piece to drop through the right hand to the 
ground, or other similar abuse of the rifle to produce effect 
in executing the manual, is prohibited. 

Fourth. The cadence of the motions is that of quick 
time; the recruits are first required to give their whole at¬ 
tention to the details of the motions, the cadence being 
gradually acquired as they become accustomed to handling 
their pieces. The instructor may require them to count 
aloud in cadence with the motions. 

Fifth. The manual is taught at a halt and the move¬ 
ments are, for the purpose of instruction, divided into mo¬ 
tions and executed in detail; in this case the command of 
Execution determines the prompt execution of the first 
motion, and the commands, Two, Three, Four, that of 
the other motions. 

To execute the movements in detail, the instructor first 
cautions: By the Numbers; all movements divided 
into motions are then executed as above explained until he 
cautions: Without the Numbers; or commands move¬ 
ments other than those in the manual of arms. 

Sixth. Whenever circumstances require, the regular 
positions of the manual of arms and the firings may be 
ordered without regard to the previous position of the 
piece. 

Under exceptional conditions of weather or fatigue the 
rifle may be carried in any manner directed. 

Position of Order Arms Standing. The butt rests 
evenly on the ground, barrel to the rear, toe of the butt 
on a line with toe of, and touching, the right shoe, arms 
and hands hanging naturally, right hand holding the piece 
between the thumb and fingers. 

Being at order arms: 1 — Present, 2 — Arms. 

(One) With the right hand carry the piece in front of 
the center of the body, barrel to the rear and vertical, 
grasp it with the left hand at the balance, forearm hori- 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 53 


zontal and resting against the body. (Two) Grasp the 
small of the stock with the right hand. 

Being at order arms: 1 —Poet, 2—Arms. 

With the right hand raise and throw the piece diagonally 
across the body, grasp it smartly with both hands; the 
right, palm down, at the small of the stock; the left palm 
up, at the balance; barrel up, sloping to the left and cross¬ 
ing opposite the junction of the neck with the left shoulder; 
right forearm horizontal; left forearm resting against the 
body; the piece in a vertical plane parallel to the front. 

Being at present arms: 1 —Port, 2—Arms. 

Carry the piece diagonally across the body and take the 
position of port arms. 

Being at port arms: 1 —Present, 2—Arms. 

Carry the piece to a vertical position in front of the cen¬ 
ter of the body and take the position of present arms. 

Being at present or port arms: 1 — Order, 2—Arms. 

(One) Let go with the right hand; lower and carry the 
piece to the right with the left hand; regrasp it with the 
right hand just above the lower band; let go with the left 
hand, and take the next to the last position in coming to 
the order. (Two) Complete the order. 

Being at order arms: 1 —Eight Shoulder, 2—Arms. 

(One) With the right hand raise and throw the piece 
diagonally across the body; carry the right hand quickly 
to the butt, embracing it, the heel between the first two 
fingers. (Two) Without changing the grasp of the right 
hand, place the piece on the right shoulder, barrel up and 
inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees from the hori¬ 
zontal, trigger guard in the hollow of the shoulder, right 
elbow near the side, the piece in a vertical plane perpen¬ 
dicular to the front; carry the left hand, thumb and fingers 
extended and joined, to the small of the stock, tip of the 
forefinger touching the cocking piece, wrist straight and 
elbow down. (Three) Drop the left hand by the side. 


54 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

Being at right shoulder arms: 1—Order, 2—Arms. 

Press the butt down quickly and throw the piece diagon¬ 
ally across the body, the right hand retaining the grasp of 
the butt. (Two), (Three) Execute order arms as de¬ 
scribed from port arms. 

Being at port arms: 1—Right Shoulder, 2—Arms. 

Change the right hand to the butt. (Two), (Three) 
As in right shoulder arms from order arms. 

Being at right shoulder arms: 1—Port, 2—Arms. 

Press the butt down quickly and throw the piece diagon¬ 
ally across the body, the right hand retaining its grasp of 
the butt. (Two) Change the right hand to the small of 
the stock. 

Being at right shoulder arms: 1 —Present, 2—Arms. 

Execute port arms. (Three) Execute present arms. 

Being at present arms: 1—Right Shoulder, 2— Arms. 

Execute port arms. (Two), (Three), (Four) Exe¬ 
cute right shoulder arms as from port arms. 

Being at port arms : 1—Left Shoulder, 2—Arms. 

Carry the piece with the right hand and place it on the 
left shoulder, barrel up, trigger guard in the hollow of the 
shoulder; at the same time grasp the butt with the left 
hand, heel between first and second fingers, thumb and 
fingers closed on the stock. (Two) Drop the right hand 
by the side. 

Being at left shoulder arms : 1—-Port, 2—Arms. 

Grasp the piece with the right hand at the small of the 
stock. (Two) Carry the piece to the right with the right 
hand, regrasp it with the left, and take the position of port 
arms. 

Left Shoulder Arms may be ordered directly from the 
order, right shoulder or present, or the reverse. At the 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 55 

command Arms execute Port Arms and continue in ca¬ 
dence to the position ordered. 

Being at order arms: 1—Parade, 2—Rest. 

Carry the right foot six inches straight to the rear, left 
knee slightly bent; carry the muzzle in front of the center 
of the body, barrel to the left; grasp the piece with the left 
hand just below the stacking swivel, and with the right 
hand below and against the left. 

Being at parade rest: 1 —Squad, 2—Attention. 

Resume the order, the left hand quitting the piece op¬ 
posite the right hip. 

Being at order arms: 1 —Trail, 2—Arms. 

Raise the piece, right arm slightly bent, and incline the 
muzzle forward so that the barrel makes an angle of about 
30 degrees with the vertical. 

When it can be done without danger or inconvenience to 
others, the piece may be grasped at the balance and the 
muzzle lowered until the piece is horizontal; a similar posi¬ 
tion in the left hand may be used. 

Being at trail arms: 1—Order, 2—Arms. 

Lower the piece with the right hand and resume the 
order. 

Rifle Salute. 

Being at right shoulder arms: 1—Rifle, 2—Salute. 

Carry the left hand smartly to the small of the stock, 
forearm horizontal, palm of hand down, thumb and fingers 
extended and joined, forefinger touching end of cocking 
piece; look toward the person saluted. (Two) Drop left 
hand by the side; turn head and eyes to the front. 

Being at order or trail arms: 1—Rifle, 2 — Salute. 

Carry the left hand smartly to the right side, palm of 
the hand down, thumb and fingers extended and joined, 


56 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


forefinger against piece near the muzzle; look toward the 
person saluted. (Two) Drop the left hand by the side; 
turn the head and eyes to the front. 

For rules governing salutes, see Honors and Salutes. 

The Bayonet. 

Being at order arms: 1—Fix, 2 —Bayonet. 

If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the belt: Execute 
parade rest; grasp the bayonet with the right hand, back of 
hand toward the body; draw the bayonet from the scabbard 
and fix it on the barrel, glancing at the muzzle; resume the 
order. 

If the bayonet is carried on the haversack: Draw the 
bayonet with the left hand and fix it in the most convenient 
manner. 

Being at order arms: 1 — Unfix, 2 — Bayonet. 

If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the belt: Execute 
parade rest; grasp the handle of the bayonet firmly with 
the right hand, pressing the spring with the forefinger of 
the right hand; raise the bayonet until the handle is about 
twelve inches above the muzzle of the piece; drop the point 
to the left, back of the hand toward the body, and, glancing 
at the scabbard, return the bayonet, the blade passing be¬ 
tween the left arm and the body; regrasp the piece with the 
right hand and resume the order. 

If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the haversack: 
Take the bayonet from the rifle with the left hand and re¬ 
turn it to the scabbard in the most convenient manner. 

If marching or lying down, the bayonet is fixed and un¬ 
fixed in the most expeditious and convenient manner and 
the piece returned to the original position. 

Fix and unfix bayonet are executed with promptness and 
regularity but not in cadence. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 57 


Charge Bayonet : Whether executed at halt or in mo¬ 
tion, the bayonet is held toward the opponent as in the posi¬ 
tion of Guard in the Manual for Bayonet Exercise. 

Exercises for instruction in bayonet combat are pre¬ 
scribed in the Manual for Bayonet Exercise. 

The Inspection. 

Being at order arms: 1—Inspection, 2 —Arms. 

At the second command take the position of port arms. 
(Two) Seize the bolt handle with the thumb and fore¬ 
finger of the right hand, turn the handle up, draw the bolt 
back, and glance at the chamber. Having found the cham¬ 
ber empty, or having emptied it, raise the head and eyes 
to the front. 

Being at inspection arms: 1—Order (Right shoulder, 
port), 2 —Arms. 

At the preparatory command push the bolt forward, 
turn the handle down, pull the trigger, and resume port 
arms. At the command Arms complete the movement or¬ 
dered. 

To Dismiss the Squad. 

Being at halt : 1—Inspection, 2 —Arms, 3 —Port, 4 — 
Arms, 5—Dismissed. 


REVIEW. 


One should continually examine himself in infantry 
drill regulations, setting himself problems to work out and 
solve. It has been found by experience that most civilian 
soldiers when confronted with some very simple problem, 
which has not been definitely or specifically described in the 
Army Drill Regulations , is unable to apply principles and 
methods. As an illustration of what is meant by this sen¬ 
tence: for instance, in examining a great many men who 
have been applicants for commissions in the Army, Officers’ 
Reserve Corps, and other branches, it has been found that 
nine out of ten of the candidates were unable to change 
the front of a line in close order formation from facing 
North to slightly East or North on the right guide as a 
pivot. This has been found to be the trouble: The men 
would frequently say that there was no such command for 
any such movement, or they would give “Platoon Right,” 
or “Platoon Half Right,” then salute respectfully and 
report that there was no command for forming a line at any 
other angle than 45 degrees and 90 degrees to the original 
line. Then this has taken place. When shown the simple 
method of facing the guide in the desired direction and 
commanding “Right Dress,” and then “Front,” the can¬ 
didate, as you can well imagine, has usually felt like kick¬ 
ing himself thoroughly. And so it is with all other move¬ 
ments which are desirable, but which are not actually pre¬ 
scribed in detail in the Army Drill Regulations. 

The question often arises as to whether or not instruction 
should be given exactly in the words of the Book. While 
the explanations given in the Drill Regulations are the 
most concise possible, it sometimes happens that men with 
keen ability to memorize will give instructions verbatim 
without knowing their meaning. 

58 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 59 

I maintain that if a man can give an explanation which, 
if complied with, will bring about the correct execution 
and preclude the possibility of any wrong execution, the 
explanation and method adopted are most satisfactory. If 
the explanation is not in the same words as the regulations 
call for, I feel entirely satisfied that the person giving it 
understands its meaning, or else he could not have inter¬ 
preted it correctly. 

One of the principal mistakes made, which, while fairly 
unimportant, nevertheless produces a bad impression 
upon the professional soldier, is that of the unnecessary 
prefacing of all commands by “Company,” “Platoon,” or 
“Squad.” The term “Company,” “Platoon,” or “Squad,” 
is given only before the commands of, “Eight,” “Halt,” 
and “Attention.” 

Many, many pages could be written along the line of 
showing the civilian soldier mistakes and little corrections 
that could be applied, but it has been found most profitable 
if the officer, non-commissioned officer, and the private will 
make a study of Drill Regulations from time to time, and 
make his own deductions and corrections therefrom. 

This book is only intended to put you right, in so 
far as the basic subjects are concerned. In explaining 
movements to recruits, or new men, it is best to express 
ideas in the language of the recruit. At first use short, 
simple, concise and well-known words where they can be 
substituted for the military and technical terms. One will 
surely gain the energy in an effort to understand new terms, 
and the men will unconsciously become acquainted with the 
military phraseology in a very short time. Try and repeat 
the idea in different words if necessary, but at all times 
strive for clarity and brevity. It has been found to be 
quicker and easier than cautioning against every mistake 
which might be made, for mistakes will occur. Let there 
be mistakes and then correct the mistakes. 


60 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


National Anthem. 

Whenever the National Anthem is played at any place 
where persons belonging to the military service are present, 
all officers and enlisted men not in formation shall stand at 
attention facing toward the music (except at retreat, when 
they shall face toward the flag). If in uniform, covered or 
uncovered, or in civilian dress, uncovered, they shall salute 
at the first note of the anthem, retaining the position of 
salute until the last note of the anthem. If not in uniform 
and covered, they shall uncover at the first note of the an¬ 
them, holding the head dress opposite the left shoulder and 
so remain until its close, except that in inclement weather 
the head dress may be slightly raised. 

The Flag 

The flag is lowered at the sounding of the retreat, an,d 
while it is being lowered the band plays “The Star Span¬ 
gled Banner,” or, if there is no band present, the field 
music sounds, “to the colors.” 

When “to the colors” is sounded by the field music 
while the flag is being lowered the same respect will be 
observed as when “The Star Spangled Banner” is played 
by the band. 


MILITARY POLICE. 


The duty of military police is to enforce all police regu¬ 
lations in the theater of operations and in mobilization and 
concentration camps. They protect the inhabitants of the 
country from pillage and violence and prevent excesses of 
all kinds: keep all roads clear: arrest all soldiers and 
civilian employees absent without proper authority from 
their organizations: arrest all marauders and collect all 
stragglers and turn them over to their respective organiza¬ 
tions. 

They keep a list and a description of all camp retainers 
and. followers, and constantly watch their conduct. 

They are charged with relieving organizations in the 
field from the care of prisoners of war, and with their safe 
conduct to places where they are ordered assembled. 

They police all railroad stations, public houses, depots, 
and public buildings, protect telegraph and telephone lines, 
and railways from damage: keep hostile inhabitants in 
order, carry out their disarmament, and are ever watchful 
for, and try to prevent, spying. 

With the division, the commander of trains and the 
force under his orders exercise the functions of military 
police. 

On the line of communications, commanders of defense 
districts exercise these functions, following up closely the 
advance of the division, taking over all prisoners of war, 
and performing the military police duties in rear of the 
zone policed by the commander of trains. 

The defense commander of the area in and about the 
base of a line of communications is assigned as provost 
marshal. 


61 


62 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


The functions of a provost marshal, in addition to those 
of general military police, are to relieve and hold all classes 
of prisoners. He makes records of all the prisoners of war, 
collects and records the tags taken from the enemy’s dead, 
as required by the laws and usages of war. The records of 
prisoners of war and of the enemy’s dead are transmitted 
quarterly to the War Department. 

In mobilization and concentration camps the powers of 
military police are ordinarily exercised by the commander 
of trains, though if conditions require, an officer may be 
assigned as commander of the military police. 

In cases of emergency the military police may be called 
or call on any troop to assist them. All persons belonging 
to the Military Police Service are required to give every 
assistance possible to troops, and likewise all persons be¬ 
longing to the military service are required to give every 
assistance to the military police in the execution of each 
other’s duties. 

Officers and enlisted or enrolled members when actually 
performing the duty of military police, will wear a Yellow 
Brassard on the left arm half way between the elbow and 
shoulder bearing the insignia or name of the division or 
precinct to which they belong. 

As a rule, military police on duty will not be repri¬ 
manded or placed in arrest except by the superiors under 
whose command they happen to be. In exceptional cases 
field officers and officers of higher grades are authorized to 
order their arrest. Members of the force when not on duty 
—that is, when not wearing the Brassard,—have no special 
privileges. 


TESTS. 


ls£ Question —Why are soldiers grouped into Squads? 

Answer —Soldiers are grouped into squads for the pur¬ 
pose of instruction, discipline, control and order. 

2nd Question —How many kinds of commands are 
there ? 

Answer —There are two kinds of Commands. Prepara¬ 
tory, and Execution. 

3 rd Question —What is the position of a Soldier? 

Answer —Position of a Soldier at attention:—Heels on 
the same line and as near each other as the conformation of 
the body permits. Feet turned out equally forming an 
angle of about 45 degrees. Knees straight without stiff¬ 
ness. Hips level and drawn back slightly. Body erect, 
and resting equally on the hips. Chest lifted and arched. 
Shoulders square and falling equally. Arms and hands 
hanging naturally, thumb along the seam of the trousers. 
Head and eyes straight to the front. 

4 th Question —Where do Corporals take position at the 
command “Fall In”? 

Answer —The Corporal, when in ranks, is posted as the 
left man in the front rank of the squad. He is the squad 
leader. 

5th Question —Explain the movements of Squads right 
(left) from a halt, with the company from line to column 
of squads. 

Answer —Squad right (left) March. At the second 
command, the right flank man in the front rank faces to 
the right in marching and marks time; the other front rank 
63 


64 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


men oblique to the right, place themselves alongside or 
abreast of the pivot and mark time. In the rear rank the 
third man from the right followed in column by the second 
and first, moves straight to the front until in rear of his 
front rank man, when all face to the right in marching and 
mark time; the other number of the rear rank moves 
straight to the front four paces and places himself abreast 
of the man on his right. Men on the new line glance to¬ 
ward the marching flank while marking time, and, as the 
last man arrives on the line, both ranks execute Forward 
March, without command. 

6th Question —From line to Column of Platoons, how 
is the movement executed ? 

Answer —Platoons Eight (left) March. At the second 
command the right flank man in the front rank faces to the 
right in marching and marks time: the other front rank 
men oblique to the right, place themselves abreast of the 
pivot, and mark time; in the rear rank the third man from 
the right, followed in column by the second and first, moves 
straight to the front until in rear of his front rank man. 
when all face to the right in marching and mark time: the 
remaining men of the rear rank move straight to the front 
4 paces, oblique to the right, place themselves alongside of 
or abreast of the third man, cover their file leaders, and 
mark time; the right guide steps back, takes post on the 
flank, and marks time. 

Hth Question —What is meant by a Fixed Pivot? By a 
Moving Pivot? 

Answer —The turn on the fixed pivot by subdivisions is 
used in all formations from line into column and the re¬ 
verse. 

The turn on the moving pivot is used by subdivisions of 
a column in executing changes of direction. 

8th Question —Explain how to execute, “On Right Into 
Line. ,> 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 65 


Explain how to execute, Front Into Line. What is the 
difference between the two ? Who issues the commands af¬ 
ter the order has been issued by the Company Commander, 
until the formation is completed ? 

Being in column of platoon or squads, to form line on 
right or left: “On Right (Left) Into Line—March.” 

At the first command the leader of the leading unit com¬ 
mands: Right Turn. The leaders of the other units 
command: Forward, if at a halt. At the second com¬ 
mand the leading unit turns to the right on moving pivot. 
The command Halt is given when the leading unit has 
advanced the desired distance, in the new direction: it 
halts, its leader then commands: Right Dress. The 
units in the rear continue to March straight to the front, 
each when opposite the right or left of its place in line, 
executes right turn at the command of its leader: each 
is halted on the line at the command of its leader, who 
then commands: Right Dress. All dress on the unit 
first in line. 

If executed at a double time, the leading squad marches 
in double time until halted. 

Front Into Line. 

Being in column of platoons or squads, to form line to 
the front. Right (left) front into line. March. 

At the first command the leader of the units in the rear 
of the leading one commands: Right Oblique. If at 
a halt, the leader of the leading unit commands: For¬ 
ward. At the second command the leading unit moves 
straight to the front, or Forward. The rear units 
oblique as indicated. The command Halt is given when 
the leading unit has advanced the desired distance: it 
halts, then its leader gives the command Right or Left 
Dress as the case may be. Each of the rear units when 
opposite its place in line, resumes the original direction at 
the command of its leader, who then commands forward 
and each is halted on the line at the command of its leader 


66 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

and dresses at his command accordingly. All dress on the 
unit first in line, or in other words, the leading unit. 

9th Question — What is the difference between the con* 
mands, At Ease, Rest, and Fall Out? 

Answer —At the command At Ease, each man keeps one 
foot in place and is required to preserve silence, but not 
immobility. 

At the command Rest, each man keeps one foot in 
place, but is not required to preserve silence or immobility. 

At the command Fall Out, the men may leave the 
ranks, but are required to remain in the immediate vicin¬ 
ity. They resume their former places, at attention, at the 
command Fall In. 

10th Question —What is very necessary to get results 
from the men in your squad and at all times must be main¬ 
tained in the company? 

Answer —Discipline. 


HAMBURG AND OS KALI AVt. 


▼ CltPMONC. MAIN ?090 


HOME DEFENSE LEAGUE 


ADVISORY COMMITTEE 
NATHANIEL H LEVI 
FrotUoot, Tkt tttrhm 
AARON B SALANT 
FtotHro!. Sot**i V Solooi. 
JARED J. CHAMBERS 

Ftotidomi, Itik H'ori 
ToMpoitti’ Att'o 

FRANK A. MILLER 
Millor't Thoointol l.o/oom 
EDMUND ZAHN 
Lotto*. Sokmobtm Hmll 
A DAM 9 R DAVIS 

Frotldtoi. Tko Chat 

^IDOEWOOD CHAMBER 
OF COMMERCE. Inc. 

Fro*. A. Nomomo. Foot. 


POLICE DEPARTMENT, CITY OF NE W YORK 

164TM PRECINCT 
(HAMBURG AVENUE) 


THl NOMI OCFCNtE LEAGUE EXISTS SIMPLY FOR THE PATRIOTIC. 
FURFOSE OF 8CRVINO THE CITY IN CASK OF GREAT EMERGENCY 
ARTHUR WOODS. POLICE COMMISSIONER' 


"•IN UNITY THERE IS STRENGTH” 


WILLIAM A. DAWKINS 
CopioU 

1219 Htocock Serial 

Broohlvo. N. Y. 


Ho*. CHARLES H. HAUBERT 
Trootwror 

398 Co*(r«l Av*.. Brooklv*. NY. 


rns h<* 

Date. 


Xtt. fold 


From: Captain William a. Dawkir-i, l*4th. Police Preolnot .(H.D.b. ) 

To Deputy Polios Commissioner, Headquarters, Manhattan. 

Subject: Report on Entertainment. Equip*mn^t Pur*!. 


( Letter to contain hut one eubject and its desoription to be ) 
giveo in not more than ten words.) 

Through efflolal Channels. 

Sir >- 

1- Letter should be fold in three Sofual folds as indicated by ruled line. 

P- Writing to be to plaoed aa to leave a margin two Inchon along left 
algo of p"p«r. 

3» The word »*Proa*, - *T o* t and *SubJeot* > to be double-spaced and included 
in its first fold (above doited or ruled line). Single spaoing to be 
in the paragraph. Paragraphs to be separated by double spaoe. 

4- Body of the letter should commence on the second fold or middle third 
of the sheet. 


tad. Told 


8- When there is but one paragraph la the letter it will not be numbered, 
When there is more theta one paragraph they will be numbered aa herein. 

€- When the nano and rank eto., of the writer are gl7en above after'Prom’ 
the signature will be oonfined to the writer’s name only. Whoa only 
the office title ie given above after *Prom* the officer will sign 
his name over his rank aad organisation.(Preelaot). 

?» When enclosures scoompany the letter the notatlonfso many) inolosuree 
will be made under tho left side of the letter about on the Mae line 
with the signature,. 

8- The signature should be about half an laob below the last Use Of tbs 
letter. 

3-Inels. William g, Dawkins. 


file Ko, 


tat.lad. 


Sample of Proper Form of Official Letter. 


67 














PART II. 


EXTRACTS FROM 

POLICE PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE. 


















ORIGINAL INTRODUCTION 


WRITTEN BY 

MR. ARTHUR WOODS, 

Police Commissioner at the time, for “Police Practice and 
Procedure. f} 

The author of this work. Inspector Cahalane, is in charge 
of the Training School of the New York Police Depart¬ 
ment. He is a practical policeman, having been through 
all the ranks of the force, and he has, to a marked extent, 
the habit of viewing police work in the light of the service 
it can render the community. I have thought so well of 
the book that it has been printed and distributed to all 
members of the force for their information and guidance. 

The policeman’s job is hard. He is exposed to all weath¬ 
ers, at all hours of the day or night. In emergencies he is 
on duty many extra continuous, wearing hours. He must 
grapple, without hesitation, with any situation that arises, 
no matter at what risk to life. He must be capable of us¬ 
ing whatever degree of force may be necessary to capture 
outlaws; yet he must be courteous and considerate to 
civilians, even in the most irritating circumstances. 

To do his difficult duty as he should, he must know the 
laws and ordinances—and they are legion; must know his 
duties and the extent and the limitations of his powers; 
must be intimately acquainted with the ways of criminals, 
and thoroughly versed in the best methods of circumvent¬ 
ing them. Police Practice and Procedure goes into all these 

71 


72 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


matters better than any other book I know, and will be of 
the greatest value in clarifying the task of policemen and 
increasing their efficiency. 

But the public should co-operate. They can help most 
by learning enough of the working methods of criminals 
to be able to take intelligent preventive measures. A large 
percentage of the crimes committed in New York City are 
preventable. If civilians will read in this book the pages, 
especially, on crimes and criminals, and will take such rea¬ 
sonable precautions as suggest themselves, we shall all 
sleep safer, and the police force will be helped greatly in 
fulfilling its primary duty: the prevention of crime. 

Arthur Woods, 
Police Commissioner. 

Police Headquarters, 

November 25, 191 4 . 


DISCIPLINE AND DEPORTMENT, 


To obey strictly and execute promptly the lawful orders 
of superiors is one of the first requirements of the 
Department. Obedience is the foundation upon which all 
police efficiency is built. Without obedience to proper 
authority the force would be nothing more than a mob. It 
is a quality that is demanded from every member of the 
force, from patrolman to inspector. It is enough to know 
that the person giving the order is in proper command. 
He may be a man you do not like or respect, but you 
must omit the personal factor and respect his position 
and authority. 

Orders must be strictly carried out. It is not enough 
to comply with only that part which you deem sufficient; 
nor is it proper or permissible when you are ordered to do 
a thing in a certain way for you to obtain the same 
results by other methods. 

Orders must be promptly carried out. When an officer 
is given an order it is not for him to question its value or 
the manner prescribed for its fulfillment. When you un¬ 
derstand just what the order calls for, carry it out imme¬ 
diately to the best of your ability and in a manner that 
admits of no misunderstanding. 

Be loyal. The success of a squad, precinct or district 
depends greatly on the even teamwork of all its members. 
You should be for and not against the accomplishment 
of the functions of the Department, giving your most 
earnest and hearty support to those in authority. You 
cannot be loyal and be a knocker, a grumbler or a shirker. 

73 


74 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


Just one man of this type in a command is a nuisance 
and a centre of dissatisfaction. You should, therefore, 
discourage such tendencies in yourself and in those 
with whom you come into contact. Most grievances are 
fancied and the longer they are entertained, the greater 
they appear. If something is apparently interfering with 
you in the line of your duty and you feel that you are not 
getting a square deal, don’t grumble—go to the person in 
immediate control and explain the circumstances and you 
will find that he can and will rectify any legitimate griev¬ 
ance. 

Do not criticise the actions or orders of those placed in 
authority over you. You must assume that they are re¬ 
sponsible, that they understand what they are trying to ac¬ 
complish and have reasons for wanting things done in the 
way they prescribe. You must not assume that because 
you know of another way by which the same results might 
be obtained that they are wrong and you are right. Your 
superior officer will be judged by the final results obtained 
through such methods as he may pursue, whereas your re¬ 
sponsibility ceases when you have carried out his orders. 

The Police Department itself is often gauged by acts of 
its individual members. If you favorably impress persons 
they will judge the entire Department by that impression. 
Every officer, whether on or off duty, on patrol, in reserve, 
or at home, should, therefore, conduct himself in an ex¬ 
emplary manner. When in uniform, whether on or off 
duty, you are a target for the eyes of the public and if 
you do not conduct yourself in a gentlemanly manner you 
will be quickly observed. Do not do anything to attract 
attention unless it is necessary for the accomplishment 
of some police purpose. While in cars or other public con¬ 
veyances, be particular to extend every courtesy. Do not 
occupy a seat while any other person is standing. Do not 
push, shove or jostle. 

Do not do anything that is not gentlemanly. Do not 
spit on the sidewalk, cough in anyone’s face, chew tobacco 
or gum, talk loudly or too much, or make unnecessary 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 75 


noise. Mind your own affairs and do not meddle with or 
critcise business people or other persons passing over your 
post. Refrain from influencing the business of any person. 

It is better to talk too little than too much; an act 
committed or a story told by a private individual might 
be construed as idle and unimportant, but the same thing 
done by a policeman might become very significant. Idle 
gossip concerning yourself, the Department, or citizens, 
should not be indulged in, as a blasted reputation is sel¬ 
dom recovered and a gossipy man seldom makes a good 
policeman. 

The matters you are prohibited from discussing, such a 3 
business of the Department, etc., you can avoid by frankly 
telling anyone who brings up the subject that you are for¬ 
bidden by the rules of the Department to talk on such 
topics. 

Do not shirk your duty. Leaving post unnecessarily and 
conversing are habits. Do not make appointments to meet 
persons on post; make them for times when you are ex¬ 
cused from duty. Be particular about conversing unnec¬ 
essarily with women while on duty. 

In your home life, you and your family should conduct 
yourselves quietly and confine yourselves closely to the 
rules of decency and courtesy. Do not permit your wife 
and children to make use of your position as a veiled 
threat. 

Excellent physique alone does not make the perfect 
policeman. He should possess sufficient strength of char¬ 
acter, will power and moral courage to successfully resist 
any temptation to do wrong. Oftentimes persons engaged 
in undertakings requiring police supervision, or individuals 
of unsavory reputation will endeavor to induce you to over¬ 
look a violation of the law and may, if arrested, seek either 
directly or through friends to have you give weak or evasive 
testimony in court so that justice may be defeated. Be 
jealous of your character and reputation. Social com¬ 
panionship and intimate acquaintance with such persons 


76 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


should be carefully avoided, for in the majority of cases 
they seek your friendship with an ulterior object in view. 

When you are on post in a section of the city populated 
by a foreign element you will find that you are expected 
by the people to be their doctor, their lawyer and their 
interpreter. You will be called upon at various times to 
render assistance in all good faith and confidence. Such 
confidence should not be betrayed or abused. You should 
do everything within reason to assist them, by summoning 
an ambulance surgeon, directing them to dispensaries, hos¬ 
pitals, the Department of Charities, the Legal Aid Society, 
etc. This you should do cheerfully and with the greatest 
possible attentiveness. If a person is sick and you are re¬ 
quested to assist him or her home, do so if it is within 
a reasonable distance in your own precinct or a short dis¬ 
tance into an adjoining precinct, but always notify your 
station-house before leaving post. 

Be courteous to everyone regardless of their position in 
life. Persons seeking assistance or advice are entitled to 
courteous and gentlemanly attention, and it is not cour¬ 
teous to be abrupt and short in your answers. You may 
be required to answer the same question a great many 
times during one tour if you are stationed in a congested 
section of the city and the repetition will become tiresome. 
Do not, however, lose your head or change your manner; 
the last person to ask a question is as interested in and as 
much entitled to the proper information as the first one. 
Do not appear surprised at the questions that are asked 
you; they may sound ridiculous to you but as a whole they 
are asked in good faith and warrant a courteous answer. 
Stand at attention and listen attentively to what they 
have to say, then give the best information or advice that 
you can. If you cannot supply the information they wish, 
direct them to some place where they may obtain it—to a 
store having a city or business directory, or, if the question 
relates to car lines, to a transfer agent or railroad inspector, 
etc. Do not think that you will be considered ignorant if 
you do not know the right answer to every question asked 


POLICE EES EE YE AND HOME DEFENSE GUAED 77 


yon, and do not give directions or advice unless you are 
sure you are right. The average person seeking advice 
will not feel offended if, being unable to help him yourself, 
you direct him to some place where he may get the desired 
information; but if you give him advice which he later 
discovers to be wrong, you can imagine his feeling toward 
you and the entire Department. 

If you find some one who thoughtlessly or otherwise is 
about to violate a law or ordinance, warn him that such 
an act is illegal. If your warning is disregarded, take 
immediate and proper police action; if you do not, the 
disorderly element and even law-abiding citizens will look 
upon you as a man of weak, or even cowardly, character. 

The early habits you form will remain with you as long 
as you are in the Department. If you are attentive to duty 
and courteous to persons with whom you come into contact 
during the first year you will continue so involuntarily 
throughout your career. 

From the first tour of duty you perform, it should be 
your aim to prepare for the competitive examinations for 
promotion. Men who are ambitious for promotion make 
good policemen; they are attentive to their duty, jealous of 
their character and reputation, and as a result of their 
study of the rules and regulations, usages and customs of 
the Department,and the laws and ordinances, are mentally 
well equipped. There is an excuse for one man knowing 
how to do some one particular thing better than anyone 
else; he may have had to specialize at it. There is, how¬ 
ever, no excuse for any police officer not knowing as well as 
any other man in the Department the rules and regula¬ 
tions and the laws and ordinances. The information is 
available and if one does not prepare himself on those sub¬ 
jects it is due to his own neglect and carelessness, 


PHYSICAL CONDITION. 


When they enter the Department, patrolmen are fit to 
perform almost any physical task allotted to them 
in the line of their duty. This is due to their excellent 
physical condition, their youth and their training for the 
physical examination for appointment. After this appoint¬ 
ment to the force, however, the arms and body get com¬ 
paratively little exercise and therefore become stiff and 
accumulate fat, which brings with it a slovenly appearance 
and, very often, carelessness in dress and appearance. 

It is natural for a policeman to gain and lose weight, 
but it should be gained and lost in all portions of the 
body, head, shoulders, arms, chest, legs, and not entirely 
in the abdomen, as is so often the case. 

Obesity can be avoided by taking ordinary precautions; 
exercising all of the muscles and not a special few. A 
policeman should devote at least ten minutes a day, before 
eating, to exercise. On getting out of bed, he should open 
the windows wide, thoroughly ventilate the room, and take 
the calisthenic exercises taught in the School for Re¬ 
cruits. This will keep him in good physical condition. 
There is no more occasion for policemen to get stout than 
for soldiers in the United States Army. Their erect, sol¬ 
dierly appearance is due to daily exercise. 

In standing, a policeman should not have his hands or 
arms folded or hanging in front of his body. This position 
throws the shoulders and head to the front. He should 
either place his hands on his hips or behind his back. His 
weight should be distributed equally on his feet. This 
prevents him from becoming lopsided. When he becomes 
tired, he can rest by shifting his weight to his toes and 
then to his heels. 


78 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 79 


Men who keep themselves in good condition will be 
found to be neat and to take pride in their appearance. 
As a result, their uniforms and equipments are always 
presentable. Patrolmen of this kind always command re¬ 
spect from the public. If an officer is snappy in appear¬ 
ance and commands respect for his office, and looks as 
though he were able to control any situation with which he 
might be confronted, he will not have to use one half the 
physical effort that a slow, careless or slovenly policeman 
would under the same circumstances. 

Patrolmen should take particular care of their feet. 
Most foot troubles are due to the wearing of ill-fitting 
shoes; rundown heels, tending to cause the foot to press 
against that side, result in callouses and corns. When a 
condition of the feet exists that you cannot remedy, con¬ 
sult a chiropodist. 

Due to police conditions, patrolmen lead irregular lives. 
Twice as much work is required at night as in the day, 
and in order that the work may be equally distributed, the 
force is divided into squads which rotate from day to night 
duty, a short period of time being allowed between the 
tours. This irregularity naturally breaks up and changes 
a man’s mode of living, eating and sleeping. As a re¬ 
sult, one is likely to not take sufficient time for rest and 
the mastication of his food. This seriously interferes with 
the digestive organs and tends to break down good health. 

If you are excused for eight hours after having per¬ 
formed an eight-hour tour of patrol duty, rest during that 
interval so as to be fit during your next tour. 

If you are ill, report on sick leave under the care of the 
police surgeon. Home, and not the street, is the proper 
place for sick policemen. The head of the Department, as 
well as the public, expects a patrolman on duty to be at 
his best. If you are sick on patrol, you may be called 
upon to perform the most strenuous act of your career, 
and to say that you failed because you were sick would bo 
a lame excuse. 


PATROL. 


Posts —Much of the success of the Department depends 
upon the manner in which patrol duty is performed. 

A man going on patrol is like a man going to war, in 
that no matter how enthusiastic a soldier may be for the 
cause, if he is not able to shoot he is of little value; so 
with a man on patrol, unless he is rested, in good physical 
condition, properly equipped and uniformed, and under¬ 
stands how to cope with the conditions which will confront 
him, he too is of little value. 

For the purpose of distributing the force, the Police 
Commissioner establishes what are known as posts. The 
length of such posts depends upon the police necessity of 
the section. 

Fixed posts are established at intersections of streets in 
various parts of the city and are manned at night. Patrol¬ 
men are required to rotate to them at times designated 
and when so assigned, alternately do fixed post and patrol 
duty. When covering a fixed post you are required, while 
standing, to stay in the center of the post, but while in 
motion, you may walk anywhere within its boundaries. 

If a person is discovered in the commission of a crime 
and an outcry is made, it should be impossible for him to 
escape if he keeps on the street. 

Most householders living in the sections where fixed posts 
are in operation know that between 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. 
a policeman should be on the designated fixed post, and 
if they require your assistance they will call you. Many 
citizens have police whistles which they use in calling. 

Special posts are established at designated places, such 
as fire ruins and cave-ins in the street. Men on such posts 
80 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 81 


are expected to prevent unauthorized persons from enter¬ 
ing the ruins and to keep pedestrian and vehicular traffic 
at a safe distance. Among other special posts may be 
mentioned raided gambling and disorderly houses, where 
an officer is stationed for the purpose of preventing the 
removal of evidence or a continuance of the nuisance; 
places where a serious crime has been committed; and 
premises where a strike has been declared, for the purpose 
of preserving the peace and preventing strikers from 
assaulting, threatening or annoying persons who are 
employed or seeking employment. Remember that the 
strikers are not violating the law when they peacefully re¬ 
quest other persons to go on strike or not to take their 
places. The sidewalk and street at, or near, a strike must 
be kept clear for pedestrians and traffic. 

Before going on patrol you are required to appear at 
inspection, uniformed and equipped as prescribed by the 
rules of the Department. You are then instructed as to 
all orders that relate to the performance of your duty. 
When directed, you will proceed to your post relieving 
point, where the officer you relieve will give you such in¬ 
formation regarding the post as will assist you in perform¬ 
ing your duty during that tour. 

You will then start to patrol your post to the right; 
shield to the curb. This is done for the reason that your 
superior officers patrol to the left and should be able to 
find you readily if you are on post. If, however, you are 
suspicious of anything you should immediately turn back 
and try to verify your suspicion. At night or during the 
hours when business houses are closed you will try all 
doors, low windows and area gates, as explained under 
Observation on page 14. 

While one portion of a post may require more attention 
than another, remember that a person planning a crime 
will always take advantage of the section of your post 
which he believes to be least patrolled. 

If you are suspicious of any persons and it is necessary 
for you to stand in a doorway to watch, or if it is necessary 


82 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


to go into the hallway of a tenement for the purpose of 
examining the side door of a store, do so and inform the 
first visiting officer you meet. 

Do not be timid about going anywhere in the vicinity 
of your post to perform proper police duty, through fear 
of being disciplined for being off post. Be sure, how¬ 
ever, to comply with the rules defining what you must 
do when you leave post for a police necessity, in order that 
there may be no doubt as to the sincerity of your purpose. 

When patrolling crowded thoroughfares keep on the 
outside of the crowd, that you may be seen. That is why 
you are dressed in a distinctive uniform. If you lose your¬ 
self in a crowd unnecessarily, you are temporarily useless. 

At night, be suspicious of strangers who appear friendly 
and engage you in conversation. They may be interested 
in the commission of a crime on your post and endeavoring 
to hold you in conversation so as to permit their pals to 
escape. This also applies to persons who try to decoy you 
from your post, such as by telling you that you are needed 
immediately at some place. If you are suspicious take the 
person with you. Find out his name and address. If you 
find there is no truth in the complaint, make him accom¬ 
pany you, and examine your post immediately. If you 
find that a felony has been committed during your absence 
and you think he has decoyed you, arrest him on suspicion 
of being a principal in its commission. 

The courts have held that the reputation of a place 
among the people living or doing business in the neighbor¬ 
hood is evidence of the character of the premises; that 
loud noise or anything injurious to public health or 
offensive to decency is contributory in establishing a 
nuisance. 

It is sometimes difficult for the police alone to rid a 
community of a nuisance, and the complainants are gener¬ 
ally unwilling to assist the Department, because of unwar¬ 
ranted fear of incurring the enmity of those in charge or 
because they wish to avoid loss of time in court 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 83 


If you can make them realize that no condition 
which is objectionable and in violation of the law 
can exist for any length of time if the residents in the 
block are determined to end it and are willing to sacrifice 
a little time, it should be easy to enlist their co-operation. 
Call to their attention the fact that in sections of the city 
where it is apparent, or where it has once been shown, that 
neighbors will not tolerate a disorderly condition, nuisances 
are never established. 

If you have occasion to use a public telephone in com¬ 
municating with the Department, as soon as the telephone 
company’s operator answers, give her your name, rank, 
precinct and shield numbers before asking for your con¬ 
nection. When the Department’s operator responds, iden¬ 
tify yourself by giving your name, rank, precinct 
and shield number, and ask for the proper extension. If 
the matter is one which the operator will attend to, such 
as an ambulance call or a call for assistance, give the 
operator the number and location of the telephone from 
which you are talking, so that, if necessary, you may be 
sent for. 

For assistance, give three or more blasts of your whistle, 
or three or more raps with your baton. If you are placed 
in such a position that you can use neither whistle 
nor baton, discharge your pistol in the air. If you hear a 
call for assistance give one signal with baton or whistle 
and run immediately in the direction from which the call 
came. In using your pistol to summon assistance, great 
eare must be exercised for the safety of innocent persons. 
It is better to have the guilty person escape than to kill or 
injure an innocent bystander. There are times, of course, 
when it is not advisable to make a noise in summoning 
assistance, when, for instance, it might reveal your un¬ 
suspected presence. In such a case send someone in whom 
you have confidence for the help you need. 

If it becomes necessary to leave your post, try to have 
the patrolman on an adjoining post cover it during your 
absence, and on your return make sure that nothing has 


84 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


gone amiss. Do not leave, except for a sufficient police 
or urgent personal reason. If you have a report, com¬ 
municate with the station-house by means of the signal- 
box, or if one is not convenient, by means of a public tele¬ 
phone, and inform the lieutenant of the nature of the re¬ 
port. Be governed by his directions as to whether or not 
you will telephone it in or leave post and report it in per¬ 
son at the station-house. 

Keep in harmony with the watchmen and special patrol¬ 
men on your post. If you have their co-operation they 
may render you valuable assistance. 

Do not hound or persecute ex-convicts. If a man has 
been convicted of a crime and has paid the penalty, he is 
entitled to start life anew and should receive assistance 
and co-operation from you in his endeavor to live a decent 
life. If he lives on your post do not tell his neighbors of 
his past; if he is seeking employment, or is employed, do 
not inform the employer for the sole purpose of having 
him discharged. Tell your superiors or members of the 
Detective Division so that they may keep a watch on him. 
If he is hounded by the police and prohibited from engag¬ 
ing in a lawful vocation, there is only one door open to him, 
again to become a criminal. 

Firearms —Use the utmost care in the handling of fire¬ 
arms at all times. Hold the weapon firmly, with the 
muzzle pointed to the ground, or in such manner that no 
person would be in the line of fire in case of accidental 
discharge. Consider every gun loaded . 

Become thoroughly acquainted with the different types 
so that you may handle with safety to yourself and others 
almost any arm that may come into your possession. You 
should familiarize yourself with the action of the regula¬ 
tion revolver or pistol and learn to properly clean and oil 
it. Under ordinary conditions, the revolver or pistol 
should be cleaned and oiled at least once a month because, 
if neglected, dampness from perspiration will cause it 
to rust. It should be cleaned as soon as possible after hav- 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 85 


ing been discharged. One cleaning is generally sufficient 
after having used black powder cartridges, but when 
smokeless powder cartridges are used the arm should not 
only be cleaned as soon as possible after having been dis¬ 
charged, but again within twenty-four hours. Never at¬ 
tempt to clean or oil it without first making sure that the 
arm is unloaded. Take care that no oil runs onto the pri¬ 
mers of the cartridges, as it may work into the powder 
and render the cartridges useless. 

Use only cartridges suited to the arm. 

The easiest and most accessible place to carry a pistol is 
in a holster, suspended from a belt, hanging on the left 
side toward the front of the body. 

Form the habit of always removing your pistol and put¬ 
ting it in a safe place before undressing, so that it may not 
fall and be accidentally discharged. 

A pistol, when not being carried, should always be se¬ 
creted in some place where children cannot get it to play 
with and where a burglar or other intruder could not 
readily find it and arm himself. 

Do not show your pistol to friends or others for the pur¬ 
pose of explaining its action. If any of them has a permit 
to possess a pistol he can learn from the dealer from whom 
he makes his purchase all he need know about it. 

Do not draw your pistol at the slightest provocation or 
without cause; but in responding to a call for help or in 
searching a building or approaching the scene of a serious 
crime, such as a shooting or stabbing affray, have it in posi¬ 
tion for instant use. 

In learning to shoot, or in practice, use an unloaded 
pistol. Stand easily, with the weight of the body balanced 
on both feet, the right foot a little in advance, and face 
slightly to the left. Grasp the handle lightly, so as not to 
cause trembling; raise the hammer with the thumb, close 
one eye, look through the groove of the rear sight until 
you see the front sight under the lower edge of the bulls- 
eye, and pull the trigger with a steady pressure—not a 


86 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


jerk. The position of the pistol after the hammer has 
fallen will show where the bullet would have struck had 
the arm been loaded. Practice will enable you to retain 
the aim and position during discharge. At the moment 
of firing do not shut the eyes and flinch. The secret of 
keeping the front and rear sights in line with the target as 
you fire, is to educate the muscles of the forefinger to act 
independently of those of the hand and arm. 

Never try to shoot while running. Come to a full stop. 
Very few men can shoot effectively while they are in mo¬ 
tion, and the chances are that some innocent person pos¬ 
sibly two or three blocks away may be struck by the bullet. 

Observation —A number of qualifications are required 
of a policeman. He must be strong, because he will be 
called upon to handle all kinds of people; fleet-footed, 
because he will be expected at times to overtake a fleeing 
culprit; courageous, because he must stand ready at all 
times to sacrifice his life in carrying out the functions of 
the Department; tall, because it will be necessary for him 
to see what is going on about him, sometimes over the 
heads of a crowd. 

Unless he is observant, however, he may possess all 
these qualifications and still be almost useless as a police¬ 
man. In ten years he may not be called upon to run, use 
his strength or display his courage, but he is constantly 
called upon to use his powers of observation. The best 
policeman is he who is suspicious of everything that is 
going on about him. If everything always appears regular 
to him he will seldom, as a result of his own initiative, 
prevent crime. It is more essential from the taxpayers’ 
point of view that crime be prevented, than that the per¬ 
petrator be detected and arrested. The city is put to con¬ 
siderable expense in convicting and imprisoning the guilty. 
If a policeman, by using his power of observation can pre¬ 
vent the commission of a crime he renders better service 
to the city than if he detects it. The best evidence of a 
patrolman’s efficiency is the absence of crime on his post. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 87 

The best detectives are those who possess a keen sense 
of observation. In the Detective Division there are two 
grades; first grade, paying a salary equal to that of a lieu¬ 
tenant of police; and second grade, at the patrolman’s or¬ 
dinary salary. It should be an incentive to a patrolman 
to develop his observation, to know that assignment as 
First Grade Detective depends greatly upon results 
achieved by applying this sense. 

To sharpen your observation, when assigned to a post 
for the first time, scrutinize the persons passing and try 
to gather from their carriage, actions and manner of dress 
what their occupations are; then make discreet inquiries 
to verify your deductions. Describe to yourself some per¬ 
son whom you have seen only once, his facial expression 
and complexion, wearing apparel, gait, etc., and when you 
see him again check up your description. By a little such 
practice you will be able, when necessary, to accurately 
describe some person whom you may have seen only 
casually. 

Watch the vehicles passing over your post and note the 
names and business marks on them. In the case of motor 
vehicles practice memorizing the license numbers. Com¬ 
pute their speed by timing them over a given distance; in 
a short time you will become proficient in estimating it. 

Do not be satisfied with simply taking the number of an 
automobile. If it has been used for the purpose of com¬ 
mitting a crime or as a means of escape, the first or last 
number is likely to have been painted out. Familiarize 
yourself with the characteristic lines of the different 
models. It will, in most cases, narrow a search down to 
about five per cent, of the machines in use in the city if 
you report, for instance, that the car wanted is a “five- 
passenger 1914 X. Y. Z., blue, with no top.” 

In passing through a street, observe anything which 
seems unusual or out of place. Ask yourself: “Why is 
this ? What is the reason for it ? Is it regular ? Does the 
person in charge of the premises know of this condition? 
Has he given permission ?” Make inquiry of business men 


88 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


or householders. They will appreciate your inquiry when 
they know that your object is to protect them or their 
property, and though they may be inconvenienced by the 
inquiry they will commend you for the interest you have 
displayed in their behalf. 

Watch persons entering and leaving buildings, particu¬ 
larly at night. If anyone arouses your suspicions, ques¬ 
tion him as to who he is and what business he had in the 
particular place. If his excuse is not satisfactory bring 
him back to the building for the purpose of identification. 

In handling cases of this kind be careful of the manner 
in which you conduct yourself. If you are in uniform you 
need not tell your office, but if you are in civilian 
clothes your first words should be: “I am a policeman 
and you should display your shield conspicuously. This 
is important because the ordinary person on being stopped 
at night by a man in civilian clothes will naturally as¬ 
sume that he is going to be held up and may run or, if 
he has a weapon, possibly assault you. An honest man 
will never find fault with a policeman for stopping him 
under these circumstances, provided it is done in a cour¬ 
teous manner. If your investigation proves that he was 
in the premises for a legitimate purpose you will find that 
he will commend rather than criticize. 

In stopping a person under these circumstances always 
be on your guard. Take every advantage of him. 
Have your baton ready for instant use and be prepared 
to fight. If you are right handed keep him to the left. 
Keep close to his right hand and be ready to grab it in 
case he attempts to assault you. Kemember that 
a person leaving a building after committing a crime an¬ 
ticipates being stopped and is usually prepared to give a 
better explanation of his movements (which, of course, will 
not stand investigation) than a person who has lawful rea¬ 
sons for being there. He will assault you if he believes 
that by so doing he can escape. 

In searching or disarming a person possessing a fire¬ 
arm, extreme care should be taken that no opportunity is 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 89 


given him to use it on yourself or another. A search of 
this kind should be thorough, as men have been known to 
carry pistols sticking in the sides of their shoes, in the 
seat of trousers, on a spring fastened to the inside of 
a derby hat, up a coat sleeve and fastened to the forearm 
by rubber bands, and suspended by a cord around the neck 
and concealed beneath the coat and vest. Gangsters and 
men who consort with women of the street sometimes have 
the women carry their pistols for them. The woman gen¬ 
erally has the pistol concealed in a muff, neck-piece, 
hand-bag, or the bosom of her dress. 

Stop anyone with a bundle at night who is loitering in 
doorways or of whom you are suspicious. Find out the 
contents of the bundle. If he will not disclose what the 
bundle contains, arrest him on suspicion of being impli¬ 
cated in some felony which you are aware has been com¬ 
mitted in the vicinity. This is legal; for, if a felony has 
been committed, you have reasonable grounds for believing 
that this person is the perpetrator, in view of the suspici¬ 
ous circumstances and his unwillingness to account for his 
movements or the contents of the package or bundle. 

Be suspicious of persons entering buildings under the 
pretense of being canvassers, peddlers or agents, or repre¬ 
senting themselves as inspectors or mechanics of the New 
York Telephone Co., the Department of Water Supply, 
Gas and Electricity, a gas company or the like. If in 
doubt, make them prove their identity. If they are what 
they seem, they will have no difficulty in doing so instantly. 
Should you have reason to doubt them further, make them 
accompany you and telephone to their office. 

You should try to know by 1 sight all persons living or 
doing business on your post. If possible, ascertain their 
business, time of arrival and departure. Where servants 
are employed, observe the persons in the habit of visiting 
them. 

You will be called upon from time to time, by members 
of the Detective Division who are making investigations, 
for information regarding the character, habits and move- 


90 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


ments of persons on your post. If you are observant you 
can be of great assistance to them. Tell them all you 
know regarding the matter. You should be able to an¬ 
swer most questions of this nature. 

Familiarize yourself with the locations and types 
of stores on your post, and as far as possible learn the stock 
carried, time of opening and closing, the persons usually 
attending to such duties, and the locations of safes, cash 
registers or property of value which could be readily stolen. 
Where lights are usually left burning, note their position. 

On patrol at night, constantly try doors, low windows 
and area gates. It is often possible to so mark a window 
or door and its sill that a glance will tell you whether or 
not it has been tampered with. Where hanging locks or 
padlocks are used, on your first round turn them in such 
a manner that if they are disturbed while you have been 
on other portions of your post, you will know it the mo¬ 
ment you see them. 

When a store is found open, always get assistance. Try, 
if possible, to get the owner of the premises, or if his rep¬ 
resentative lives in the immediate neighborhood, send for 
him. Enter and examine it carefully. Note whether or 
not any of the property has been disturbed. If the place 
has been burglarized, search the premises for the perpe¬ 
trator; he may be in hiding awaiting an opportunity to 
escape. As soon as possible notify the station-house. 

If you do not believe that a crime has been attempted 
or committed, but find that the premises are open owing 
to some person’s carelessness in not properly securing the 
door, close the place up. If necessary, use what is known 
as a “ drop-lock get two sticks of wood, nail one to the 
floor and adjust the other so that, when the door is closed, 
it will act as a brace between the first stick and the door. 
Where there is a hasp use a police padlock, which can be 
obtained at the station-house. 

In trying doors and windows, do not be satisfied 
with their appearance from the sidewalk. It will 
be found that after closing hours, when you have 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 91 

to depend entirely upon the light furnished hy the street 
lamps, some portions of the block may be very dark and 
you cannot see from the sidewalk whether anything has 
been disturbed or not. It will be necessary for you to run 
your hand over the windows and sidelights in order to tell 
if they have been broken. Firmly shake all doors. If a 
pick-lock or false key has been used and the door left un¬ 
locked, you can discover it only by shaking the door and 
lock. 

You should know the name and address of some person 
in authority in every store on your post who could be com¬ 
municated with if it should be necessary to do so. If he 
does not reside on your post or conveniently near it, this 
notification must be made through the station-house. 

Many business houses are equipped with burglar alarms. 
Sometimes these alarms are started by animals in the 
building and sometimes by weather conditions; neverthe¬ 
less, you must investigate. If a burglar puts an alarm into 
operation and a policeman takes it for granted that there 
is no necessity for investigating, that officer is wilfully 
neglecting his duty. 

If you find a street lamp not lit, but in a condition to 
burn, light it if possible. Be suspicious of lights on the 
street or in stores being extinguished suddenly. If you 
notice anything of this kind, make an immediate investiga¬ 
tion; it may be the work of thieves. 

Observe conditions surrounding vacant houses. If you 
learn that a building is about to be vacated, ascertain the 
name and address of the owner, where he can be com¬ 
municated with, and the length of time the house will be 
empty. Keport these facts to the station-house for record. 

In vacant houses the principal item of theft is the 
plumbing. The thieves usually obtain entrance from the 
roof or through the cellar windows. Examine the sides 
and rear, in the case of a detached building, at various times 
during each tour. As a rule you can learn if any persons 
have been seen tampering with any particular building by 
inquiring of the occupants on either side, or in the rear. 


92 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

Considerable property, especially in the winter, is de¬ 
stroyed by bursting water pipes. A policeman can readily 
detect such an occurrence by listening from the outside. 
If it be necessary at any time to enter a building for the 
purpose of protecting the stock, have the owner or his rep¬ 
resentative, if conveniently near, accompany you. Notify 
the station-house. Summon assistance and use sufficient 
force to enter the premises. Try to shut off the cock in 
the cellar; if this cannot be done, batter together the ends 
of the pipe with your baton, so as to lessen the flow of 
water. 

When you smell gas escaping and life is in danger, sum¬ 
mon assistance, force entrance if necessary, and render all 
possible aid. Open all doors and windows. Notify the 
station-house so that the Gas Emergency Patrol and a 
pulmotor may be sent if necessary. 

Be on the lookout for dangerous street conditions, such 
as broken area gates, broken sewer manhole covers or con¬ 
duit covers, bad holes in the sidewalk or street, or broken 
wires hanging from street poles. If anything of the kind 
is discovered, get assistance and guard it. Have the station- 
house notified. Place a barrel or planking in such a posi¬ 
tion that the danger is marked and guarded against. At 
night hang a lantern at the spot and see to it that it re¬ 
mains lit until daylight. 

Pay particular attention to the frequenters of low liquor 
saloons, junk shops, second-hand dealers, curiosity shops, 
pawn shops and other places suspected of being "fences,” 
where stolen goods are received and disposed of. If the 
things you observe do not call for action on your part, 
take a description of the persons you suspect and report 
the circumstances to the station-house for the information 
of the Detective Division. 

Watch persons entering and leaving vehicles, especially 
any who appear to be intoxicated. They may be drugged 
or their companions may be thieves of the type known as 
“lush workers,” who make a practice of robbingintoxi- 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 93 


cated persons. This applies equally to apparently intoxi¬ 
cated persons passing over your post. 

A policeman patrolling without purpose, like an auto¬ 
maton, finds his work very tiresome and is constantly 
watching the clock or, in inclement weather, the thermom¬ 
eter. If the same effort is expended in observation for 
the purpose of preventing crime and detecting criminals, 
his toi«r will pass more quickly and with much more satis¬ 
faction to himself and to the Department. 

Fires —One of the most important duties of a policeman 
is the prevention and detection of fires. You should be 
constantly on the alert. On the slightest suspicion, make a 
thorough and prompt investigation. Where life is in dan¬ 
ger, as in an occupied or inhabited dwelling, particularly 
in the crowded sections of the city, promptly send in a 
fire alarm and signal for assistance. In such cases it is 
better to err by sending in an unnecessary alarm than to 
wait, and possibly have the Fire Department late in re¬ 
sponding. When life is not in danger, be sure that there 
is a fire before sending in an alarm. 

If you smell or see smoke or fire coming from a building 
and you are satisfied that there is a fire, or if someone 
shouts “fire” in a tenement and you cannot investigate 
without loss of time, you must promptly send in an alarm 
or make sure that one has been sent in. Do not be satis¬ 
fied that someone else has done this unless you see the per¬ 
son actually sending the alarm or hear the mechanism of 
the box working, or unless another officer or some respon¬ 
sible person informs you that he has sent or witnessed the 
sending of the alarm. 

The operation of the fire alarm signal-box merely regis¬ 
ters in the Fire Department the location of the box, and 
they will respond to that point, expecting to find someone 
there ready to direct them to the scene of the fire. It is, 
therefore, necessary for an officer to remain at the box or to 
request some person of an age of discretion to do so, to in¬ 
telligently direct the firemen. 


94 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

In extremely cold weather the door of the fire signal 
box may be frozen and not respond to the turning of 
the handle. Do not hesitate to break the door to send the 
alarm. 

After sending the alarm, run to the burning building; 
warn the occupants of their danger and assist them 
to the street. In doing this, be careful not to assist in the 
spreading of the fire by opening doors, windows or sky¬ 
lights and causing a draft. If it is necessary to open a 
door, be sure to close it again. Try as much as possible 
to close doors and windows instead of opening them, except 
for the purpose of saving life. 

If you find a fire in a room, get the occupants out and 
close the doors and windows. For instance, if a fire occurs 
in a kitchen and the doors and windows are closed, it will 
take, possibly, ten minutes before the fire burns through 
the door, window or partition. If an alarm has been 
promptly sent, the apparatus of the Fire Department will 
arrive in two or three minutes in most sections of the city, 
and they can easily confine the fire to the room in which 
it started; but if skylights, cellar doors or windows are 
opened and a draft started, the fire and smoke will be 
forced into other parts of the building, and extend 
to the halls and stairways which must be used by the 
firemen in getting to the fire. 

Upon the arrival of the fire apparatus, keep the crowd 
back, particularly from the entrances the firemen are using 
as a means of getting to and from the fire, and prevent 
persons from interfering with the firemen in the perform¬ 
ance of their duties. 

Fires are fought by the members of the Fire Department 
from the front and rear. In order to get to the fire quickly 
they stretch their lines from the streets and yards, conse¬ 
quently the fire lines must be quickly established on all 
streets and places where hose or other apparatus has been 
placed, so as to give the firemen free and uninterrupted 
use of the particular territory in which they are working. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 95 


When assistance arrives, keep the crowd beyond the last 
fire apparatus or hydrant to which hose is attached. 

Be particular to permit no unauthorized person inside 
the fire lines or in the buildings in which the firemen are 
working. Take every precaution to guard property from 
theft during a fire. 

Familiarize yourself with the design and color of badges 
and cards which authorize persons to enter the fire lines 
and ruins, and permit no person within the fire lines ex¬ 
cept members of the New York City Fire Department, and 
those having the proper badge or card conspicuously dis¬ 
played. 

Persons engaged in business within the fire lines, and 
who desire to go to their places of business, must be re¬ 
ferred to a superior officer of the Police Department for 
this permission. 

The Commanding Officer of the Fire Department at a 
fire is in command, and members of the Police Depart¬ 
ment must obey and respect any lawful order or sugges¬ 
tion that he may make. 

Both departments must work in unison for the protec¬ 
tion of life and property. The success of either in the 
accomplishment of their functions depends upon the 
promptness, skill, intelligence and even teamwork of both 
departments. 

As soon as possible, secure the necessary information for 
a fire report, and, unless otherwise directed, send the in¬ 
formation through signal-box to station-house. 

After the Fire Department has left, prevent unauthor¬ 
ized persons from entering the fire ruins. 

Accidents —When your attention is called to a person who 
is sick or injured, and who requires medical aid, summon an 
ambulance immediately. If a police signal-box is not con¬ 
veniently near, use a public telephone and call the borough 
police headquarters, giving your name and precinct num¬ 
ber, the number of the telephone you are using, and state 


96 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


the nature of the call, giving the location at which the 
ambulance is required. 

If the patient is within a building, station some respon¬ 
sible person at the entrance to direct the ambulance 
surgeon. 

While waiting for the ambulance, conform to the in¬ 
structions issued by the Chief Surgeon of the Police De¬ 
partment on “First Aid to the Injured.” 

Obey any reasonable order or direction given by the 
ambulance surgeon and render him every possible assist¬ 
ance. 

As soon as possible, obtain the pedigree of the injured 
person. Enter in your memorandum book exactly what 
he or she was doing just previous to the accident, such as, 

“ Walking north, in front of - Third Avenue,” or 

“Crossing the street at 22d Street and Third Avenue, 
southeast corner to southwest corner”; enter the manner 
in which he or she was injured, the cause, the nature of 
the injuries sustained, the name and address of attending 
physician, the name and address of persons responsible 
(if the operator of a vehicle or car, the name and address 
of the operator and the name and address of the owner), 
and the names and addresses of witnesses. 

This information is necessary for the Department’s 
record. You are often required to testify as a witness, in 
case the injured person institutes a suit, and it is, there¬ 
fore, essential that you have further data entered in your 
memorandum book, such as the distance of a car or vehicle 
from the curb and from the nearest street corner, its rate 
of speed, the number of persons near the scene, the persons 
handling or talking to the injured one, and anything 
peculiar to the accident. 

If an accident occurs on the street (between house 
lines), the City of New York may be the defendant in a 
suit for damages. Be particular to observe the condition 
of the street or sidewalk, whether dry, wet, or slippery, 
whether the street lamps were lighted, the distance of 



POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 97 


street lamps from the point of accident, etc., and ascer¬ 
tain the destination of the injured person. Fill out an 
accident report form at the station-house. 

In a case of this kind divulge no information concern¬ 
ing the accident to anyone except a superior officer, the 
coroner, district attorney or corporation counsel, or under 
due process of law. 

First Aid to the Injured —On account of the hazardous 
nature of their calling and the accidents which they are 
likely to encounter, it is essential both for their own bene¬ 
fit and for the benefit of the public that all policemen have 
special knowledge of First Aid to the Injured. In emer¬ 
gency cases this knowledge enables policemen to put in¬ 
jured persons into doctors’ hands in the best possible con¬ 
dition for cure. It also enables them to recognize the 
severity of an injury or illness. As a patrolman you will 
be called upon in such emergencies as burns, drowning, 
suffocation from smoke and gases, sunstroke, hemorrhage, 
poisoning, cases of people suddenly stricken with acute 
diseases and others. 

The attention of every policeman is also earnestly in¬ 
vited to the great benefits to be had by studying how to 
prevent accidents as part of his instruction in First Aid. 

In accident or emergency the policeman is the first offi¬ 
cial upon whom the handling of the case devolves, and it 
is especially essential that you be able to proceed in a 
confident, unhesitating and efficient manner. The 
bearing of an officer is very important, as by this 
you establish your efficiency or otherwise. You must pro¬ 
ceed with decision, but without flurry, and be careful to 
avoid any appearance of excitement or undue haste; couple 
promptness with quiet efficiency. Retain your presence of 
mind and keep cool. Be ready to apply what you have 
learned and do so correctly and instantly. This is very 
important in order to secure proper handling of the condi¬ 
tion, to inspire confidence in the injured and in others who 
may be present. 


98 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


After assuring yourself that the situation warrants, or 
may possibly warrant it, send for medical assistance by 
calling an ambulance through your borough Headquaiters. 
Remember that you are not a medical man and that your 
duty is simply to give such relief as the occasion demands 
until proper medical attention is obtained. Do not at¬ 
tempt too much; the interval before the arrival of the 
ambulance surgeon will probably be brief and your efforts 
must be confined to this period. 

Having sent for the ambulance, study the situation, and 
if a crowd has gathered keep them from hemming in the 
patient, thus insuring plenty of fresh air and freedom 
from annoyance by remarks, questions and ill-timed ad¬ 
vice. Nearly every bystander is of the opinion that he 
knows more about what should be done than any other 
and it is by your manner that you will show you are fully 
competent to command the situation. 

Care of the Patient. 

Place the patient flat on his back, with head slightly 
elevated, unless he is very faint, when the head should be 
placed quite low; put hands by side and gently extend legs. 

If faint, keep the head low and give cooling drinks in 
summer or hot ones in cold weather; if at hand, aromatic 
spirits of ammonia, which has none of the disadvantages 
of alcohol. It is considered the best First Aid stimulant. 
The best way to give it is in teaspoonful doses in one-half 
glass of water. 

An unconscious person cannot swallow, but he can 
inhale a stimulant. Under such circumstances the 
best stimulant is smelling salts, or water of ammonia. It 
is held under the nose so the patient may breathe its 
fumes. Cool sponging of face and head also helps faint¬ 
ness. 

Do not give alcohol, except under the direction of a com¬ 
petent physician. Alcohol seldom does good and often 
harm, especially in hemorrhage, so that it is a good rule 
not to give it in First Aid. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 99 


An unconscious patient may vomit and, in doing so, may 
inhale solid matter into the air-passages and suffocate 
therefrom. To avoid this, turn the face well to one side 
so that the vomited matter will run out of the mouth. 


Remedy any pressure from tight clothing, such as collar, 
shirt-band, tie or belt, that may interfere with breathing 
and circulation. If a woman, have some woman bystander 
assist to loosen the corsets. 


If there is any reason to suspect broken or dislocated 
bones, be especially careful in handling the injured mem¬ 
ber. 


ARRESTS. 

For the purpose of placing responsibility and to prevent 
confusion of power, the system of government in this State 
has been divided into three branches: 


First—Legislative, consisting of the Senate and the 
Assembly. Its duty is the making of laws for the State. 
The Board of Aldermen is the legislative branch of the city 
government. 


Second—Judiciary, comprising the courts of the State. 
Its duties are to interpret the laws and to punish trans¬ 
gressors. 


100 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

Third—Executive, or administrative, of which the Police 
Department is a part. Its duties are to prevent violations 
of the law and to bring before the judiciary for punish¬ 
ment, in the manner prescribed by the legislative branch, 
those who do violate the law. 

It is specifically provided that one branch cannot usurp 
the powers of any other branch. 

If you find a condition which you believe is not right, 
and you know that it has not been prohibited by the legis¬ 
lature, you cannot make your own law to fit the case. 

If a person commits a prohibited act, the power to punish 
is vested in the judiciary. For instance, if you apprehend 
a murderer., you must not unnecessarily strike him no 
matter how mean or contemptible he may be. If you do 
you are usurping the power of the judiciary. Remember 
that under the law all persons are assumed to be innocent 
until proven guilty in the manner provided, and if you 
punish you are taking away from that person the rights he 
is guaranteed by the Constitution—that he may not be 
punished for an offense until proven guilty, after an 
opportunity has been given him to present his defence. 

A crime is an act or omission forbidden by law. 

A warrant is an order in writing, signed by a magistrate, 
commanding a peace officer to arrest the person named 
therein. 

A subpoena is an order in writing, signed by a magis¬ 
trate, district attorney or clerk of a court, commanding 
the person named therein to appear at the place designated 
to give information on a matter to be inquired into. 

A summons is an order in writing, signed by a magis¬ 
trate, commanding the person named therein to appear at 
the court designated for the purpose of answering a chargee 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 101 

An arrest is the taking of a person into custody that he 
may be held to answer for a crime. 

A person is in custody under the law when he is placed 
under restraint or when he submits to same. 

A patrolman cannot release a prisoner after having 
arrested him. 

An attempted crime is an act done with intent to com¬ 
mit a crime and tending, but failing, to effect its com¬ 
mission. To determine the particular crime attempted 
you ask yourself: “What would this person have been 
guilty of if the attempt had been successful?” For in¬ 
stance, if you caught a man who, with a lighted match in 
his hand, had been trying to set fire to a building, but no 
fire occurred, it should be apparent to you that he must be 
charged with attempted arson. 

Crime is divided into two broad classes—felonies and 
misdemeanors. For your purpose you need only know that 
a felony is any crime the penalty for which is death or 
imprisonment in a State Prison, and that a misdemeanor 
is a crime punishable, upon conviction, by imprisonment 
in a county jail, penitentiary or city prison, by fine up to 
the amount of $500, or by both. 

A principal to a crime is one who commits a crime, or 
who aids, advises, counsels or assists in its commission. 
If one person tells another where he can commit a crime, 
explains how to do it, or knowingly provides him with the 
tools required in its commission, he is a principal. If he 
stands on watch for another while that person is commit¬ 
ting a crime, he is a principal. 

An accessory is one who after a felony has been commit¬ 
ted, harbors, conceals or hides the perpetrator, with intent 
to prevent his arrest. In misdemeanors all concerned are 
principals. 

It is not necessary for you to know the exact Penal Law 
definition of each /crime, but you should know the elements 
that go to make up each crime. It is often difficult for 
the court, after having heard all of the evidence and with 


102 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

a law library to consult, to settle on the degree of crime a 
prisoner has committed. You must, however, be able to 
distinguish a felony from a misdemeanor almost as readily 
as you can tell your shield number, because you have 
power of arrest in one case that you do not possess in the 
other. In crimes where the degrees are divided into 
classes, such as grand and petit larceny, felonious and sim¬ 
ple assault, and abandonment, you must be able to distin¬ 
guish each class before you can take intelligent action. 

In making arrests under a warrant you are governed by 
the following sections of the Code of Criminal Procedure: 

“Section 170. If the crime charged be a felony, the 
arrest may be made on any day, and at any time of the 
day or during any night. If it be a misdemeanor, the ar¬ 
rest cannot be made on Sunday, or at night, unless by 
direction of the magistrate indorsed upon the warrant.” 

“Sec. 173. The defendant must be informed by the 
officer that he acts under the authority of the warrant, and 
he must also show the warrant, if required.” 

“Sec. 169. Every person must aid an officer in the 
execution of a warrant, if the officer require his aid and 
be present and acting in its execution.” 

“Sec. 155. If the warrant be issued by a justice of the 
supreme court, recorder, city judge or judge of a court of 
general sessions in the city and county of New York, or by a 
county judge, or by the recorder of a city where jurisdic¬ 
tion is conferred by law upon such recorder or by a judge 
of the city court, it may be directed generally to any peace 
officer in the State, and may be executed by any of those 
officers to whom it may be delivered.” 

“Sec. 156. If it be issued by any other magistrate, it 
may be directed generally to any peace officer in the county 
in which it is issued, and may be executed in that county; 
or if the defendant be in another county, it may be exe¬ 
cuted therein, upon the written direction of a magistrate 
of such other county indorsed upon the warrant, signed 
by him with his name of office, and dated at the city, town 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 103 


or village where it is made, to the following effect: ‘This 
warrant may be executed in the county of Monroe/ (or 
as the case may be).” 

In the City of New York, under the Inferior Courts’ Act, 
a warrant issued by a city magistrate may be executed in, 
any county in the City of New York without further in¬ 
dorsement. 

It is determined from the offense described in the war¬ 
rant whether the case is a felony or a misdemeanor. 

The warrant must be delivered to the court in which 
the prisoner is arraigned. 

A peace officer without a warrant has no more power 
than a private individual in making an arrest for a mis¬ 
demeanor. 

A non-resident may be arrested in this State for a crime 
committed out of the State on receipt of a telegram from 
the authorities of the place where the crime was commit¬ 
ted, provided a felony is charged. 

When you know that a warrant has been issued for a 
person charged with a felony, and you have not the war¬ 
rant in your possession, you may arrest that person under 
Section 177 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, in that a 
felony has in fact been committed and you have reason¬ 
able grounds for believing that the person to be arrested 
committed it. 

When your attention is called to the commission ©f a 
crime you must act quickly. Usually you cannot consult 
a reference or get advice as to your powers. You must 
be right. It is a serious offence as well as a great injus¬ 
tice to the person accused to make an illegal arrest. As a 
rule, when anything happens to a person he looks around 
for a policeman; finding one, he demands the arrest of the 
person complained of, regardless of whether or not it is 
lawful. When you are approached by such a complainant, 
listen to what he has to say, and if his story is not clear, 
ask questions to bring out the material facts. Let him do 
the talking, you the questioning and listening. If he 


104 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

wants a person arrested, ask yourself: “Does the 
substance of the complaint constitute an act or omis’sion 
forbidden by law?” If it does not, inform him that you 
cannot take any action; if he wants to know your reason, 
tell him frankly. If it does, see if it comes within any 
of the four provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure 
wherein you are permitted to make summary arrest, viz.: 

“Section 177. A peace officer may, without a war¬ 
rant, arrest a person: 

1. For a crime, committed or attempted in his pres¬ 
ence; 

2. When the person arrested has committed a fel¬ 
ony, although not in his presence; 

3. When a felony has in fact been committed, and he 
has reasonable cause for believing the person to be ar¬ 
rested to have committed it.” 

“Sec. 179. He may also, at night, without a warrant, 
arrest any person whom he has reasonable cause for believ¬ 
ing to have committed a felony, and is justified in mak¬ 
ing the arrest, though it afterward appear that a felony 
had been committed, but that the person arrested did not 
commit it.” 

If one person charges another with the commission of a 
misdemeanor not committed in your presence, and it is not 
plain from the facts that a misdemeanor has been com¬ 
mitted, refer the complainant to the district court. If it 
is apparent that the accused has committed a misde¬ 
meanor, inform the complainant that he may arrest him 
and that you will convey his prisoner to the station-house. 
The complainant need not touch the prisoner; he may 
simply tell him that he is under arrest. 

If you are accosted by a civilian and he delivers someone 
to you whom he has already placed under arrest, under 
the law you must take his prisoner to the station-house. 

In either case, get the name and address of the person 
making the arrest and have him accompany you to the 
station-house. Be careful to see that his name is entered 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 105 


on the Department’s records as having made the arrest 
and that he signs and swears to the complaint in court. 

If you are requested by some one claiming to be a peace 
officer to assist in making an arrest and he is not known 
to you, insist upon seeing his badge of authority. If he 
is executing an order of a court, such as a warrant or 
summons, make him show you the document. If it is a 
warrant issued by a police magistrate outside of the City of 
New York, see that it is indorsed by a magistrate for 
service in the county within which the arrest is to be 
made. 

Under the Inferior Courts’ Act, a peace officer may 
make arrests upon the presentation of a form issued by 
the Domestic Relations Court which is given the peace 
officer by the complainant, who must identify the person 
to be arrested. 

Identify and summon persons who commit petty of¬ 
fenses except those who are intoxicated or charged with 
larceny or malicious mischief (such as breaking windows or 
otherwise destroying property), or who are engaged in a 
serious breach of the peace (acting in a disorderly man¬ 
ner on cars or annoying or interfering with others on the 
street); and also in cases of complaint where you do not 
witness the violation. 

Do not make petty arrests. It usually suffices to warn 
persons if they are committing some little infraction of 
the laws or ordinances, but if anyone persists after being 
warned, arrest him. 

Certain persons, such as ambassadors representing for¬ 
eign countries, are immune from punishment in the United 
States, but they are not immune from arrest. Such a per¬ 
son, if arrested for a serious offence, would be returned 
to the country he represents for trial. 

If a bondsman wishes to surrender a prisoner to you, 
ask him if he has a surrender order from the court. If he 
has not, tell him to arrest the person and that you will 
protect him while doing so. The prisoner must be taken 


106 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

to the station-house and from there to the place where he 
would be confined if not on bail. 

While children are arraigned in a Court of Special Ses¬ 
sions (Children’s Court), the Court of Special Sessions 
will recognize a summons issued by a magistrate. 

Do not arrest a child without sufficient provocation. 
It is very likely to do more harm than good, unless the 
offence is a serious one. 

Do not arrest persons for threatening you unless there 
is some other provocation which constitutes a breach of 
the peace. 

You will, from time to time, be called into a building 
by one member of a family to settle a dispute. Usually it 
is the wife, who claims that her husband has struck or 
threatened her or some member of the family. In the 
majority of cases the matter could easily have been settled 
without police interference, and if you tell her to go to 
court and lay the facts before a magistrate, the affair 
will be amicably settled before she has time to do so. If, 
however, she claims that there are young children in the 
house and their lives are in danger because of the condi¬ 
tion of their father or others, go with her and if, from 
appearances, her apprehensions are justified, inform her 
that she may arrest her husband and that you will take 
him to the station-house. 

Every person must be informed of the reason for his ar¬ 
rest unless he is arrested in the actual commission of a 
crime or after a chase immediately following. 

You are prohibited by law from taking any action in 
civil cases except to preserve the peace. For instance, if 
someone has a civil process to serve and he anticipates 
being assaulted, under those circumstances you must go 
with that person to protect him and to prevent a breach 
of the peace. Permit no one to use your office in coercing 
another in the execution of a civil process. 

In making an arrest, if you have reason to believe that 
the prisoner has a weapon on his person, give him a super- 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 107 


ficial search by feeling his pockets. If he has a weapon 
call some person to witness your taking it from his person, 
and if it has been carried in violation of the law make an 
additional charge against him in court. It is a safe rule 
to put the nippers on every man who is charged with theft 
or who is likely to attempt to escape or to assault you. If 
you are right handed, put the nippers on the prisoner’s 
right hand and hold them with your left. This permits 
you to carry your baton in your right hand and to protect 
yourself in case of assault. 

If a prisoner is likely to have any evidence on his per¬ 
son, see that he does not dispose of it on the way to the 
station-house. Do not permit him to put his hands in 
his pockets, throw anything into the street, or give any¬ 
thing to his friends. 

It is natural to expect that a person placed under arrest 
will become excited and lose his temper—possibly threaten 
you. There is, however, no excuse for you to lose your 
head or to get excited. 

Prisoners partly intoxicated will want to fight and you 
may experience difficulty in getting them to the station- 
house. It is cowardly, as well as a violation of the 
law, to strike a prisoner unless your life is in danger or 
he is trying to escape. If you must strike a prisoner, 
strike him on the wrists or legs rather than on the head. 
Endeavor to put into practice the humane manner of 
handling prisoners as taught in the School for Recruits. 

If you are followed to the station-house by a crowd, do 
not let your attention be diverted from your prisoner. If 
you feel that you are likely to be assaulted or that your 
prisoner may escape, summon another policeman, if pos¬ 
sible, or command any person present to assist you. 

Do not summon a patrol wagon unnecessarily. If a 
prisoner lies down and refuses to move, coax him. If there 
is no physical reason why he should not walk and his con¬ 
dition is not offensive to public decency, use sufficient force 
to make him walk to the station-housei if the distance is 
not too great. 


108 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

Wherever you are permitted to make an arrest, you are 
allowed to use sufficient force to effect it. You may break 
open a door or window to enter a building but you must 
first announce that you are a peace officer and that you 
want the door or window opened for the purpose of arrest¬ 
ing “John Doe” or whoever it may be. 


Children. 

Children, under the law, are persons actually or appar¬ 
ently under the age of sixteen years, except where the 
sale of liquor is involved, when the age is eighteen years. 

All children arrested, under the age of sixteen years, 
shall be charged with Juvenile Delinquency, except 

1. When conviction might result in capital punish¬ 
ment. 

2. When the act, if committed by an adult, would 
not be criminal. (Entering a theatre without the consent 
of guardian, smoking or buying cigarettes, entering pool 
parlors, etc.) 

A child taken into custody under circumstances coming 
within this second exception cannot be charged with Juve¬ 
nile Delinquency; it must be charged with Improper 
Guardianship, for the reason that the law provides that 
every guardian of a child must exercise proper care and 
control over a child to prevent it from violating the 
law or requiring the care or attention of the State. 

It is the policy of the Legislature and of all persons in¬ 
terested in the well-being of children to prevent their con¬ 
tact with hardened criminals. They have, accordingly, pro¬ 
vided separate places of detention, means of conveyance 
and arraignment for children to keep tfiem from associat¬ 
ing with or forming the acquaintance of adult criminals. 
The law provides that a child, while under restraint or 
conviction, shall not be placed in any place of confinement 
or in any vehicle in company with adults who are charged 
with crime. It further provides that it shall be the duty 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 109 


of officers having a child in charge to notify the parent, 
guardian or custodian of such child, and with all conven¬ 
ient speed to take such child to the Children’s Court, if 
in session; if not in session, then to the rooms of the So¬ 
ciety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, provided 
bail has not been accepted or recognizance taken. 

Never scare or threaten children, or permit other per¬ 
sons to scare children by threatening to have a policeman 
punish them. Do not unnecessarily interfere with chil¬ 
dren engaged in innocent amusement. If it is necessary 
to speak to children to prevent their doing something 
which is a violation of the law or an inconvenience to persons 
or injury to property, do so in a kindly manner; if that does 
not suffice and their parents are conveniently near, speak 
to the parents. This generally suffices to correct most of 
these complaints. If children, in this way, are taught that 
a policeman is their friend, it will not be possible for them 
to be lost for any extended period. They cannot wander 
far without meeting a policeman, and if they are not 
afraid of him, they will immediately tell him of their 
troubles. In innumerable cases it has been found that 
lost children had hidden in doorways on the approach of a 
policeman, having been led to fear him. 

Unless it is absolutely necessary, do not take action 
which will separate children from their parents, for unless 
the mother is a prostitute, thief or drug fiend, she is, as a 
rule, the best person to take care of her own children. Do 
not separate a nursing baby from its mother unless the 
health or life of the child is endangered. 

Foundlings are abandoned children under two years of 
age. If you have to do with a foundling, try to arrest the 
person responsible for the abandonment. Take the finder 
and foundling to the station-house so that the former may 
make the affidavit required by the Department of Charities 
as a means of identification. 

Abandoned children over two years of age are considered 
as “lost children.” Make diligent inquiry to find the 
parents before taking the child to the station-house. 


110 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


Extracts from the Penal Law, State Labor Law and 
Ordinances Relative to Children. 

A child under the age of seven is not capable of com¬ 
mitting crime; a child over seven and less than twelve 
years of age is presumed to be incapable of crime, but the 
presumption may be removed by proof that he had suf¬ 
ficient capacity to understand the act or neglect charged 
against him, and to know its wrongfulness. 

A person who willfully permits the life or limb of any 
child actually or apparently under the age of sixteen years 
to be endangered, or its health to be injured, or willfully 
causes or permits such child to be placed in such a situa¬ 
tion, or to engage in such an occupation, that its life or 
limb is endangered, or its health likely to be injured, or its 
morals likely to be depraved, is guilty of a misdemeanor. 

A person owning, leasing, managing, or controlling for 
himself or for another person, any of the following places, or 
being employed as door-keeper, ticket-seller or ticket-taker 
therein, who permits a child actually or apparently under 
sixteen years of age, to enter or remain therein unless ac¬ 
companied by its parent or guardian, or suffers or permits 
such child to play any game of chance or skill therein, is 
guilty of a misdemeanor: 

Dance halls, public museums, public concert saloons, 
public pool or billiard parlors, public bowling alleys, 
public skating rinks, or any place where wines, spiritu¬ 
ous or malt liquors are sold or given away, or any theatre, 
kinetoscope or moving picture performance, unless such 
performance is given under the auspices of or for the 
benefit of any church, school, educational or religious in¬ 
stitution, without profit. 

Any person not being the parent, relative or friend of 
such child’s family, who takes a child into any moving 
picture show, unless with the consent of the parents or 
proper guardian, is guilty of a misdemeanor. 

Any person who permits a child to enter or remain in 
any house of prostitution or assignation; or 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 111 


Sells or gives away or causes or permits to be sold or 
given away to such child, ale, wine, beer or any strong or 
spirituous liquor; or 

Sells, pays for or furnishes to such child any cigarette, 
cigar or tobacco in any form; or 

Being a pawnbroker or employee of a pawnbroker, 
makes any loan or permits to be made any loan or ad¬ 
vance to such child; or 

Being a second-hand dealer, owner, keeper or proprietor 
of a junk shop, junk cart, junk boat or other vehicle used 
for the collection of junk, receives or purchases from a 
child any goods, wares or merchandise; or 

Sells to such child any toy or other pistol that can be 
loaded with powder and ball or blank cartridges; or 

Employs, or causes to be employed, any child as a rope 
or wire walker, gymnast, wrestler, contortionist, rider or 
acrobat; or 

Uses such child in begging or receiving or soliciting 
alms under any pretence or in any manner; or 

Employs such child in gathering or picking rags or in 
peddling; or 

Employs such child in any indecent or immoral ex¬ 
hibition, or practice; or 

Exhibits such child when insane, idiotic or suffering 
from any unnatural deformity, 

—is guilty of a misdemeanor. 

Any person who employs any child for singing or danc¬ 
ing, or playing on a musical instrument, or in any theatri¬ 
cal occupation, unless such employment is as a singer or 
musician in a church, school or academy, or in teaching 
or learning the science or practice of music, or as a mu¬ 
sician in any concert, or theatrical exhibition without 
the written consent of the mayor of the city, is guilty of 
a misdemeanor. 

Make summary arrest of the person responsible for any 
of the foregoing violations. The child is also to be ar¬ 
rested and charged with Improper Guardianship. 


112 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

Arrest and charge with Improper Guardianship any 
child actually or apparently under the age of sixteen years 
Who is destitute of the means of support; 

Who is abandoned or improperly exposed or neglected; 
Who is in a state of want or suffering; 

Who lives with a parent or guardian who has been 
adjudged an habitual criminal, or who. has been con¬ 
victed of a crime against the person of the child; 

Who smokes or in any way uses any cigar or cigarette 
or tobacco in any form in a public place; or 

Who frequents the company of thieves, prostitutes and 
vicious persons, or who does not subject itself to proper 
restraint or control by its parents, or who is between 
the ages of seven and fourteen years, and has sufficient 
bodily health to attend school and does not do so. 

A parent or guardian of a child who omits to exercise 
reasonable diligence in preventing such child from com¬ 
mitting juvenile delinquency or who permits such child 
to grow up in idleness or to commit acts which tend to in¬ 
jure his health and corrupt his morals, or to become a 
habitual truant from school is guilty of a misdemeanor. 
Magistrates may issue a summons for such persons. 

A parent or other person charged with the care, custody, 
nurture or education of a child under the age of sixteen 
years, who wholly abandons the child in destitute circum¬ 
stances, and wilfully omits to furnish necessary food, 
clothing or shelter for such child, is guilty of a felony. 

A parent or other person who does not wholly abandon 
such child, but neglects or wilfully omits to provide food, 
clothing, shelter or medical attendance, or to make such 
payment toward its maintenance as may be required by a 
magistrate, is guilty of a misdemeanor. 

No male child under 12 or female child under 16 years 
shall sell newspapers on the streets in cities of the first 
class. Boys between the ages of 12 and 14 years may do 
so provided they display a Board of Education badge. No 
child shall sell papers between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 113 

No child between 14 and 16 years shall be employed 
without a permit from the Health Department, and when 
so employed shall not be allowed to work longer than 
fifty-four hours a week or nine hours a day, or after 
10 p. m. 


Handling Demented Persons. 

It is generally believed, except by persons connected with 
institutions for the care of the insane, that a lunatic is an 
extremely dangerous individual, possessed of superhuman 
strength, and that it takes extraordinary courage and skill 
to manage him. Such, however, is not the case. In fact, 
in an asylum an attendant of average intelligence and 
strength usually takes care of a number of insane patients. 

If your attention is called to an insane person in a pub¬ 
lic place or in some place where he cannot be properly 
cared for, convey him to the station-house. If he is tem¬ 
porarily in safe keeping, summon an ambulance and have 
him taken to a hospital. 

If the patient is violent, try to pacify him by agreeing 
with him; if he claims he is the President of the United 
States, do not contradict him. If you are compelled to use 
force, use no more than is absolutely necessary. Remem¬ 
ber that while he may have more nervous energy than a 
normal person, he has no more physical strength and is 
no more dangerous physically than the average person who 
resists you. 

One thing to bear in mind, in this connection, however, 
is that you cannot subdue him by the use of tactics which 
depend upon the infliction of pain for results. For in¬ 
stance, if you bend back a normal man’s finger or twist his 
arm, his reason will dictate submission; but an insane per¬ 
son, having lost, more or less, his power to reason, will not 
so readily submit. 

Very often insane persons realize the terror their actions 
create and out of sheer enjoyment of their power feign to 
be more violent. In a case of this kind, if your mannfer 


114 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

shows that you are determined to control the patient he 
will generally become quiet. Do not do anything to ex¬ 
cite his passion, but do not let him use his passion to 
excite you. 

Be particularly cautious not to injure a lunatic. He is 
in reality a sick man, and it would be cowardly on the 
part of anyone to strike him in retaliation. If he appears 
to be unmanageable, get assistance, so that he may be over¬ 
powered without a struggle. 

Persons suffering from acute alcoholism should be 
treated as insane persons, so far as placing them under re¬ 
straint is concerned. 

Persons suffering from hysteria are -fully conscious of 
everything said and done in their presence. The victims 
are mostly nervous women. Sympathy only aggravates 
their condition. 

If your attention is called to a case of this kind, send 
for an ambulance, if necessary. Pending its arrival, have 
the patient, if a woman, removed to some secluded place, 
as persons in this condition generally throw themselves 
about and disarrange their clothing. Speak firmly to her; 
tell her there is nothing the matter with her; that if she 
doesn’t desist from further antics you will have to take 
severe measures to compel her to do so. In most cases, 
this will have the effect of bringing the patient to a normal 
condition. 


Fugitives from Justice, 

A fugitive from justice may be arrested for a crime 
committed in another state, if such crime were punishable 
as a felony in the State of New York. The courts have 
held that a person who commits a crime out of the state 
and flees into this state is not immune from arrest here. 

If one person charges another with the commission of 
a crime in another state, which crime if committed in this 
state would be a felony, ask the complainant if he will 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 115 


make affidavit that the defendant is a fugitive from justice 
charged with a felony. If he assents, make the arrest. 
Have the complainant accompany you to make the affidavit. 

Do not arrest for a misdemeanor under these circum¬ 
stances without a Governor’s warrant. 

All cases involving correspondence or communication 
with authorities outside of the City of Hew York must be 
turned over to the Detective Division. If you are requested 
by an out-of-town peace officer to assist in making an 
arrest of this kind and the defendant is not actually pres¬ 
ent, refer him to the nearest station-house so that the 
Detective Division may handle the case. 

A non-resident may be arrested in this State for a crime 
committed out of the State on receipt of a telegram from 
the authorities of the place where the crime was commit¬ 
ted, provided a felony is charged, 


EVIDENCE, COURT PROCEDURE AND 
DISPOSITION OF PROPERTY. 


Evidence is information which tends to refute or estab¬ 
lish the commission of a crime or a violation of the rights 
of another. It may be oral, documentary or in the form 
of exhibits. Oral testimony is given by word of mouth 
under oath or affirmation before any court of justice or 
officer thereof appointed for the purpose of holding any 
trial, hearing, investigation, inquiry, examination or other 
proceeding authorized by law. The oath may be waived 
by consent of all parties. This is not common practice 
but is occasionally done when a clergyman is a witness. 
Documentary evidence consists of papers, books, etc., 
produced for the inspection of the court or officer pre¬ 
siding at any hearing or proceeding. Exhibits are weapons, 
drugs, poisons, etc., or things directly relating to the 
matter under investigation. 

Competent evidence is evidence pertaining to the fact 
at issue. For instance: a statement by Black that John 
Smith, charged with burglary, was in front of the burg¬ 
larized building at the time the burglary was committed. 

Irrelevant evidence is evidence not pertaining to the facts 
at issue. White may testify that Smith, who is charged 
with burglary, looks like a man he saw assault another a 
year ago. 

Direct evidence is testimony by which the fact at issue 
may be determined directly and not through inference. 
Greene may testify that he saw Smith force the door with 
a jimmy. 

Corroborative evidence is that which supports and adds 
strength to the evidence of the main witness. Black as 
well as White testify that they saw Smith step from the 
doorway. 

116 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 117 

Cumulative evidence is evidence given by witnesses 
which, although not necessarily identical, is to the same 
effect as that given before. For instance Green testifies 
that he saw Smith force the door; Jones testifies that he 
saw him enter and White that he saw him leave the 
building. 

Circumstantial evidence is evidence from which an 
inference may be drawn in regard to the facts at issue. 
A burglary has been committed and a quantity of over¬ 
coats stolen. Jones testifies that he saw the defendant, 
Smith, standing in the doorway of the building at about 
the time the burglary was committed; that Smith dis¬ 
appeared from view and, shortly after, came from the 
direction of the building with a quantity of overcoats 
over his arm. 

Presumptive evidence is evidence as to facts from which 
the fact at issue may be presumed. If it were proven that 
Smith had “knockout drops” unlawfully in his posses¬ 
sion, it would be presumed that he had the drug for the 
purpose of using it unlawfully. 

Hearsay evidence consists of statements which the wit¬ 
ness has heard from another person and which he repeats. 
It is not admissible except under the following conditions: 

When the statement was originally made voluntarily 
by the defendant immediately after the commission of a 
crime; 

When the statement was made in the presence of the 
defendant; 

When a confession has been voluntarily made by the 
defendant. There must, however, be some other evi¬ 
dence that a crime has been committed. Any state¬ 
ment made by a defendant cannot be used against him 
when it is made under the influence of threats or fear, 
or when obtained under an official promise of immunity. 

When a dying declaration has been made. It is ad¬ 
mitted only when the person making the declaration 
stated that he believed that he was about to die as a 
result of an unlawful injury inflicted upon him. 


118 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


The testimony of an accomplice is not sufficient to 
convict, unless corroborated by other evidence. 

The testimony of a child under 12 years of age is not 
admissible unless in the opinion of the court such child 
is sufficiently intelligent to qualify as a witness. Such 
testimony must be corroborated. 

In a criminal action, no person can be compelled to 
testify against himself. A prisoner is presumed to be 
innocent of the crime charged unless the contrary be 
proven. 

A witness can be placed under bonds for his appearance 
before the proper court, and if he fails to procure such 
bonds, may be detained in prison. 

Court Procedure. 

The Criminal Courts are divided as follows: 

City Magistrates’, or Police Courts; 

Special Sessions Courts; 

General Sessions Courts in New York County. (In 
other counties of the city, courts of similar juris¬ 
diction are known as County Courts); 

Supreme Courts; 

Appellate Divisions of Supreme Court; 

Court of Appeals of the State of New York; 

United States Supreme Court. 

Magistrates’ Courts. 

Magistrates’ Courts have summary jurisdiction over the 
following cases: 

Disorderly conduct; 

Violations of corporation ordinances that are punish¬ 
able criminally; 

Vagrancy; 

Intoxication; 

Violations of the Sabbath Law; 

Violations of the Highway Law, first offense; 

Cruelty to animals, in cases where defendants plead 
guilty. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 119 


All persons arrested for criminal offenses are arraigned 
in the City Magistrates’ Courts. In cases over which the 
Magistrate has no summary jurisdiction, he holds exami¬ 
nations for the purpose of determining whether or not 
there has been established a prima-facie case (i.,e. a 
case supported by evidence which would appear to 
show that a crime has been committed.) The object 
of this is to give the prisoner an opportunity for an 
immediate hearing, and to prevent the clogging of the 
higher courts with cases in which the evidence could not 
possibly secure conviction. If a prima-facie case be not 
established, or reasonable grounds shown to hold the de¬ 
fendant for a higher court, the Magistrate has power to 
dismiss the complaint. 

A prisoner held by a magistrate on the charge of having 
committed a misdemeanor is sent to the Court of Special 
Sessions; cases of felony are sent to the Grand Jury. The 
Magistrate may admit to bail in either case, unless the 
crime charged is punishable by death. 

The territory over which the Magistrates’ Courts have 
jurisdiction is divided into districts, composed of police 
precincts, and prisoners must be taken before the Magis¬ 
trates’ Court located in the district in which the arrest was 
made or the offense committed. In the Borough of Man¬ 
hattan, the Magistrates’ Night Courts are the exception 
to this rule; females arrested after the closing of the day 
session of the Magistrates’ District Courts, charged with 
misdemeanor, are arraigned in the Women’s Night Court, 
and males in the Men’s Night Court. Females arrested in 
the day time, charged with violation of the laws relative to 
prostitution are arraigned in the Second District Court 
if arrested in Manhattan, and in the First District Court 
if arrested in Brooklyn. 

Children under the age of sixteen years are not taken 
to the Magistrates’ Courts, but are arraigned in the Chil¬ 
dren’s Court. If a child is required as a witness against 
an adult in a Magistrates’ Court, make sure that the So¬ 
ciety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children is notified. 


120 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


Domestic Relations Court. 

This court decides all cases of abandonment and failure 
of husbands to provide for their families. When a war¬ 
rant issued by the Domestic Relations Court is not given 
to a policeman to execute, the complainant is given a 
notice which states that a warrant has been issued and 
which directs any peace officer or patrolman to arrest the 
person named therein. In making an arrest in a case of 
this kind, have the complainant accompany you to the 
station-house. 


Coroner’s Court. 

A coroner’s court is held in each borough. Its purpose 
is to ascertain the cause of death of persons who have died 
under suspicious circumstances. 

The procedure followed by policemen is similar to that 
followed in other courts. 

Court of Special Sessions. 

A Court of Special Sessions is held in each county. Three 
justices sit in each court, one of whom is the presiding 
justice. The Court of Special Sessions has summary juris¬ 
diction over all cases of misdemeanor except libel. 

Court of General Sessions, Etc. 

A Grand Jury sits at designated times in each county. 
Its functions are to investigate all complaints charging 
violation of the law. As a rule, it examines only the 
complainant and his witnesses, although it sometimes 
questions the accused. If, in one of its findings, it is 
shown that a crime has been committed and that some 
individual committed it, the grand jury finds what is 
known as an indictment, specifying the name of the ac¬ 
cused and the degree of crime charged, and reports to the 
court in which it was convened, presenting the indictment. 


POLICE RESERVE ANT) HOME DEFENSE GUARD 121 

If indicted, a bench warrant is issued, the prisoner 
arrested and arraigned in court for pleading. If he pleads 
“guilty” to the offense charged, he is usually remanded 
for sentence. If he pleads “not guilty,” the case is set on 
a calendar for trial at a specified time. 

In New York County persons indicted for felonies or 
misdemeanors are tried by the Court of General Sessions, 
or by the Criminal Branch of the Supreme Court. In 
other counties, similar cases are tried by the County Court 
or the Supreme Court. 

The Court of General Sessions in New York County is 
composed of five parts, and each is presided over by a 
judge, known as a Judge of the Court of General Sessions. 
In these courts the trials are by jury, as in county courts 
and supreme courts in other counties. The county courts 
are presided over by a county judge; and the supreme 
courts, by a justice of the supreme court. 

Courts of Appeal. 

The Appellate Division, the Court of Appeals, and the 
United States Supreme Courts, are courts in which appeals 
are made from the decisions of lower courts, and the evi¬ 
dence produced there is usually documentary. These 
courts simply pass on the legality of the action taken by 
the lower courts, and you will not have occasion to appeal 
in any of them. 


Court Procedure. 

In criminal actions the district attorney represents the 
People of the State of New York in court, and it is his 
duty to present all the facts showing the guilt of the 
prisoner. 

The district attorney presents his evidence first. The 
defendant then presents his defense, and his counsel sums 
up and endeavors to establish his client’s innocence. The 


122 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

district attorney then sums up. When all the evidence 
in a case has been submitted, the court “charges the jury.” 
This means that it instructs the jury on the legal rights 
of the prisoner and quotes the law bearing on the case. 

After being charged, the jury retires. At the end of 
the deliberation of the jurymen, the foreman of the jury 
reports their verdict to the court: Guilty or Not Guilty; 
or, if they fail to agree, Disagreement. 

When you bring a prisoner to court, take him to the 
prison known as the Detention Pen. After leaving your 
prisoner in the pen go to the complaint room and make 
your complaint, which must embody the facts of the viola¬ 
tion committed by the prisoner. The complaint will be 
written out by the complaint clerk. If the offense charged 
is one in which the magistrate has no summary jurisdic¬ 
tion, bring the prisoner with you to the complaint room, 
in order that he may sign a declaration sheet and plead 
either guilty or not guilty. This declaration sheet is called 
a formal. 

Read the complaint over carefully and see that it con¬ 
tains all the facts you wish made known to the magistrate. 
If it does not contain all these facts, call the matter to the 
attention of the complaint clerk and have it corrected. 

A short affidavit is used for the purpose of bringing a 
prisoner’s case to the attention of the court so that the 
magistrate may either admit the prisoner to bail or confine 
him to prison until the result of the examination can be 
determined. It charges the prisoner with suspicion of hav¬ 
ing committed some particular felony and need not embody 
the evidence you have regarding his case—it may simply 
contain the prisoner’s name and address and a short de¬ 
scription of the offense. A short affidavit can be used 
in a felony case only. Always consult with the district 
attorney or the court when drawing a short affidavit. 

See to it that the complaint clerk enters the names of 
all the witnesses on the complaint, so that they may be 
served with subpoenas. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 123 

After you have signed the complaint, deliver it, with 
the commitment form and record card you will receive 
from the complaint clerk, to the attendant on the platform 
in front of the magistrate. When this has been done, get 
your prisoner and remain with him in the room adjoining 
the court, within call of the magistrate. 

In cases where a summons has been issued or where your 
prisoner was bailed at the station-house, appear in court 
at the time specified and make your complaint in the com¬ 
plaint room just as though your prisoner was safely con¬ 
fined in the detention pen. Deliver the complaint to the 
attendant and wait in the court room until you hear the 
name of the defendant called. 

If your witnesses do not appear, call the attention of 
the district attorney or of the court to their absence, and 
suggest that the case be adjourned a sufficient time to 
enable you to produce them. Request that subpoenas be 
issued for the absent witnesses. 

All property required as evidence which can be con¬ 
veniently brought must be in court in your custody at the 
time your prisoner is arraigned. If the case is adjourned, 
deliver the property to the Property Clerk of the Police 
Department. When it is next needed, you will be served 
with a subpoena by the proper court, and on presentation 
of this subpoena to the property clerk you will be given 
the property it calls for. Unless otherwise directed by the 
court, return the evidence to the Property Clerk when the 
case is closed. 

When the case is called, take the prisoner before the 
magistrate and stand at the right of the defendant. You 
will swear that the statements contained in the complaint 
are true, and the complaint then becomes an affidavit. You 
will then be sworn by the magistrate to tell the truth in 
your testimony. 

When you take the witness chair, sit in a position of at¬ 
tention ; do not lounge or squirm. When addressed by the 
court, the district attorney, or the counsel for the defendant, 


124 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


face the magistrate and give your answers in a clear and 
distinct manner, without intention or design to influence 
the result. Be impersonal. You must not try to influence 
the court or jury by expressing your opinion. For in¬ 
stance, if you saw a man standing in a doorway, you must 
not say, “I saw him standing in the doorway and I thought 
he was going to break into the store,” or, “I saw him run¬ 
ning from a building and thought he might have com¬ 
mitted a crime therein.” Tell the court simply what you 
saw or heard and they will infer from your statements the 
intent of the defendant. 

Do not use unnecessary words in testifying; get to the 
point quickly. For instance, do not say, “I went out on 
patrol at 8 a. m., and patrolled my post three times, and at 
about 10:30 a. m., while I was walking north on Broadway 
I saw a man passing on the east side of the street whom 
I afterwards learned was the defendant.” Simply say, 
“At about 10:30 a. m. I saw the defendant passing on the 
east side of Broadway,” and then tell everything you ob¬ 
served the defendant do. 

In referring to a third person do not say, “this lady” 
or “this gentleman.” If you are speaking of a prisoner 
say “defendant,” or if you are speaking of some person or 
persons other than the defendant say “this man” or “this 
woman,” or “several men and women.” 

The principal faults of policemen in court are: 

They do not maintain an erect and soldierly appear¬ 
ance; 

They do not sit erectly in a witness chair; 

They do not speak loud enough to be heard by every 
person in the court room; 

They show bias by trying to help the district 
attorney to establish the guilt of the defendant, 
in that they answer his questions instantly, and the 
questions of the defendant’s counsel in an evasive man¬ 
ner. This very eagerness may defeat the ends of justice 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 125 


in two ways; an officer may give to the disinterested court 
the impression that he is prejudiced; or he may give 
a positive answer to one of the district attorney’s ques¬ 
tions in regard to time or distance, and the defendant’s 
counsel on cross-examination may shake that testimony 
by proving that the officer had no means of computing 
the time or distance at that time. 

They sometimes lose their temper and give snappy 
or impudent answers on cross-examination. 

Do not lose your temper; answer calmly. This is 
most effective with the court. 

Always tell the truth. Do not try to influence the court 
for or against the prisoner. Your power and responsibil¬ 
ity ends when you have told the court truthfully all you 
know of the case. The disposition of the case is a func¬ 
tion which is vested in the court. 

The defendant’s counsel will try to prove that you are 
mistaken in some unimportant part of your testimony, in 
order to establish your incredibility as a witness. If he 
succeeds, it will weaken the force of your entire testi¬ 
mony in the minds of a fair judge or jury. It will appear 
that if part of your testimony can be contradicted by evi¬ 
dence, your entire testimony could be shaken if it were 
possible to procure witnesses. 

When you have finished giving your testimony, take your 
place at the right of the prisoner. 

If, after the case has been disposed of by the magis¬ 
trate, the prisoner is held for trial and is not bailed, you 
will receive from the court attendant a commitment blank, 
which you will deliver with the prisoner to the keeper of 
the prison attached to the court. 

Whether the prisoner is convicted or discharged, make 
an immediate report to your precinct commander giving 
the disposition of the case and the name of the magistrate 
or judge presiding. 


126 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE! GUARD 

Assist and advise the district attorney or his representa¬ 
tives in all matters relating to criminal cases. They will 
send for you, from time to time, before your cases are 
called to trial, in order that they may familiarize them¬ 
selves with the evidence and intelligently prosecute such 
cases. 

If you are arraigning a prisoner in a magistrates’ court, 
and are, at the time, under subpoena to attend a higher 
court, notify the clerk of the higher court of that fact. 

When a case is held for trial, you will receive a sub¬ 
poena from the court in which the prisoner is to be ar¬ 
raigned, specifying the time at which you are to appear. 
If a magistrate adjourns a case, he will direct you orally 
when to appear. 

If you receive a subpoena from a source other than the 
lieutenant on desk duty in your precinct, present your 
subpoena to him as soon as possible, for the purpose of 
record. If you must appear in court during the time you 
would be required to be on duty according to the patrol 
chart, notify the lieutenant on desk duty before the 
beginning of that tour. 

W'hen you attend court in civilian clothes, pin your 
shield on your outermost garment over your left breast. 
Do not lounge or loiter in or about the court. Do not 
converse with the defendant, his counsel or witnesses. 
Sit in the part of the court which is specially set apart 
for members of the Police Department. Enter and leave 
court quietly. If you must leave court for any purpose 
before your case is called, inform the court clerk or one 
of the attendants of the length of time you expect to be 
absent and where you can be found in case your presence 
is required during your absence. 

Do not have any conversation with a prisoner regarding 
counsel to be retained by him. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 127 


Disposition op Property. 

The Property Clerk is the custodian of all articles re¬ 
covered, or seized as evidence by the police, and all such 
property not held by the courts as evidence must be given 
into his keeping at the close of each day’s session of the 
court. 

If property is held in court as an exhibit, get a receipt 
from the district attorney and deliver it to the Property 
Clerk or inform him of any other arrangements the 
district attorney may make. 

When property in the custody of the Property Clerk is 
required in court, it will be delivered to you on the presen¬ 
tation of your attendance subpoena. To facilitate matters, 
obtain the Property Clerk’s voucher number from the desk 
lieutenant. 

Property must not be delivered to claimants in court 
except on the order, written or oral, of the judge. In 
this event, obtain a receipt from the owner containing a 
description of the property and its value, to file with the 
Property Clerk. 

When property is no longer required as evidence, direct 
the claimant to the clerk of the court to obtain a court 
order on the Property Clerk for its delivery. It will be 
necessary for you to identify the claimant before the 
Property Clerk. 

If property is found on the street and turned over to 
you, give the finder a receipt and note his name and ad¬ 
dress and the circumstances. The finder becomes the 
lawful owner of the property if it is not claimed within 
six months. 

Perishable property, left unclaimed on the street, is to 
be brought without delay to the station-house. 


TRAFFIC AND STREET CONDITIONS. 


The regulation of traffic is an important function of the 
Department. On account of the vast volume of merchan¬ 
dise and the enormous number of people in transit daily, 
traffic must be handled in an efficient and intelligent 
manner. The movement of all vehicles, both passenger 
and commercial, must be facilitated and permitted the 
greatest latitude of speed consistent with safety and con¬ 
venience. 

When you find traffic congested or halted, there is always 
a reason. You will usually find it due to a truck backed 
so near to an excavation or in a street so narrow that 
other vehicles cannot pass, or to a driver who has at¬ 
tempted to turn a heavy truck in the middle of the street. 
Congestion is often caused by a heavily laden and slowly- 
moving truck taking to the center of the street (particu¬ 
larly one with car-tracks) and retarding the lighter and 
faster vehicles. Do not start to move the traffic until you 
have found the cause of the jam. In some instances, it 
will suffice to straighten out the offending vehicle; in 
others, it will be necessary to go to the end of the block 
and divert the traffic coming from an opposite direction 
to streets less congested. Whenever possible, start the 
light vehicles first, for the reason that they move more 
quickly than the heavily laden trucks and a passageway 
will be quickly cleared, permitting all the vehicles to 
move. Try to get a passage through the center of the 
street first, and do not permit vehicles near the curb to 
move until conditions in the center of the street become 
normal. 


128 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 129 


After a heavy snow storm considerable congestion, 
which is avoidable, is found in the side streets. The Street 
Cleaning Department clears the principal avenues first, 
and the side streets sometimes contain only a passageway 
eight or ten feet wide. It is obviously impossible for one 
truck to pass another, and it is well for the man on post 
to keep thoughtless drivers from attempting it. Very 
often the start of a jam is a light wagon which has been 
driven into a snow-filled street to deliver some small pack¬ 
age which could have been delivered more quickly and 
with less effort if the driver had left the wagon on the 
nearest avenue and made the balance of the trip on foot. 

When regulating traffic at the intersection of streets, 
place yourself in such a position that you can observe 
vehicles coming towards you when they are a block away. 
When you stop north and south bound traffic to permit east 
and west traffic to pass, be sure to halt it at least ten feet 
back from the east and west crosswalks. This will give 
pedestrians going east and west a free and uninterrupted 
use of the crosswalks. The same rule applies, of course, 
to east and west traffic. This does away with the neces¬ 
sity of assisting persons, other than the infirm, across 
the streets. 

In stopping traffic at such intersections, do not demand 
impossibilities of animals, drivers or operators. Your 
action should be governed by circumstances. Do not expect 
a heavily laden truck to stop as quickly as a light run¬ 
about, or vehicles on a down-grade or on slippery pavement 
to stop as quickly as others going up-hill over dry pave¬ 
ment. As you are about to stop traffic, look at the first 
vehicle in line. If it is a heavy truck, and from its appear¬ 
ance, you are led to believe it cannot stop within ten feet 
of the crossing without subjecting the horses to consid¬ 
erable effort, permit it to pass and signal the vehicle 
behind it to stop. 

Every vehicle is required to be under perfect control 
of its driver or operator at all times. If it is so loaded 


130 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

that the horses or motive power cannot reasonably start 
or stop it, it is a menace to persons and property on the 
street and the driver should be arrested. Every person in 
charge of a vehicle is required to operate it at all times 
with due regard to the safety of persons and property, 
and the fact that the speed limit is not exceeded, does not 
excuse negligence. If the vehicle is zig-zaging from side 
to side, or if the driver carelessly lets go of the reins or 
the controlling wheel or lever of the vehicle while it is in 
motion, he is guilty of reckless driving and should be 
summoned to court; but if it appears that the act will be 
continued, arrest him. In presenting cases of this kind 
in court, base your complaint and statements upon the 
manner of operation and not upon the rate of speed. 

When weddings, funerals, receptions, etc., are held on 
your post, regulate the vehicles, if necessary. If there are 
a great number requiring your attention for an extended 
period, notify the station-house and request instructions. 

Vehicles are permitted to load and unload backed to 
the curb on certain streets, and to extend over the side¬ 
walk if provision has been made for the free passage of 
pedestrians. This privilege is abused by truckmen, who 
back their trucks to the curb or over the sidewalk before 
they are ready to unload and leave them in this position 
after they have unloaded while they are going through a 
building, soliciting trade or having receipts signed. After 
a truck has been unloaded, the driver must turn the vehicle 
so that its right side is to the curb. If you warn a driver 
to do this and he refuses, serve him with a summons. 

While the rules require that traffic must ordinarily move 
to the right, it is permissible to divert it to the left on 
occasions when by so doing better results will be obtained, 
as in the case of vehicles going to or coming from a 
theatre, reception, funeral, etc. 

Heavily laden and slow vehicles must keep close to the 
curb; faster ones, to the center of the street. This facili¬ 
tates the movement of all traffic and gives the best use 
of the street. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 131 


If it is necessary to speak to a driver, do so quietly. 
Do not threaten or yell at him. Remember that your warn¬ 
ing or command is directed to him only, and if you can 
accomplish your purpose by a wave of your hand, better 
results follow. If it is necessary to serve a summons or 
make an arrest, do not stop the vehicle on a crowded thor¬ 
oughfare and block traffic. Have the driver turn into a 
side street, where the traveling public will not be incon¬ 
venienced. 

The Borough of Manhattan is twelve miles north 
and south and only three miles at its widest point 
east and west. It is therefore essential that north and 
south bound traffic be kept moving for the reason that 
vehicles from one avenue cannot be diverted into another 
avenue running north and south as easily as the traffic 
of one cross street can be diverted into another cross street 
running east and west. This is particularly true of the 
lower end of fhe Borough of Manhattan, where there are 
not more than a dozen streets running north and south. 
As a result of these conditions, the regulations require 
that wherever there is congestion, all other things being 
equal, north and south bound traffic shall be moved first. 

Mail wagons, Fire and Police Department vehicles, 
ambulances, and railway and gas emergency wagons have 
the right of way. They must, however, be operated with 
regard for public safety. 

When Fire Department vehicles are about to pass over 
your post, take your position in the center of the street, 
and, if necessary, divert traffic to the curb, so as to give 
the apparatus a clear lane in the middle of the street. 
Most of the accidents caused by fire apparatus happen 
after the first vehicle has passed, when onlookers rush out 
to watch where it is going and forget, in the excitement, 
the second and third trucks which usually follow. For this 
reason, keep traffic at a standstill until you are sure that 
the last piece of apparatus has passed and that no accidents 
are likely to occur. 


132 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


Patrolmen on post at designated school crossings will 
take their position in the center of the street before the 
morning assembly, at noon hour, and at the closing of 
school, and regulate the movement of vehicles to best 
protect children crossing the street. 

When stationed at some particular place for the purpose 
of keeping the public from passing, such as at a fire 
parade, etc., always take up your position before the crowd 
gathers. If you do not, it may be found that in clearing 
the space some person will become obstinate and compel 
you to use force. As a rule, the shoving and push¬ 
ing is usually done by some short person in the center 
or rear of the crowd who is anxious to see what is going 
on. In a case of this kind, have someone hold your line 
in order that you may go to the rear and try to get the 
troublemaker. Persons in the front line nearly always 
assist in keeping the rest back for the reason that they 
do not want to lose their own position. Always face the 
crowd, so as to be in a position to instantly check any at¬ 
tempt at disorder, and that you may detect pickpockets 
working in the crowd. 


PARADES AND STREET MEETINGS. 

Parades. 

No procession or parade shall form or march on the 
streets of the City of New York to the interruption of 
pedestrian or vehicular traffic without first giving the 
Police Department thirty-six hours’ notice of its object, 
route, and destination and obtaining a permit. The fol¬ 
lowing, however, need no permits: U. S. Army, U. S. 
Navy, National Guard, Police and Fire Departments. 

The permit issued by the Police Department to the 
person in charge specifies the time, date, starting point, 
route and destination. If you have reason to doubt that a 
parade passing over your post has not given the required 
thirty-six hours’ notice, ask the person in charge, the 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 133 


marshal or leader, if he has a permit. If lie has not, call 
up the station-house and find out whether a permit has 
been issued. In the event that it has not, place the person 
in charge under arrest and cause the parade to disband. 
In presenting a case of this kind in court, request the 
officer in charge of the Bureau of Information to appear 
for the purpose of proving that the thirty-six hours’ notice 
was not given. 

No parades or processions are permitted on Sunday 
except funeral and religious processions, and they may not 
play music or make any disturbing noise. 

The following are excepted and may play music, but 
not within one block of a place of worship where service is 
then being held: 

Escorting the body in a military funeral, funeral of 
a United«States soldier or sailor, national guardsman, 
veteran or member of a secret fraternal society; 

Military processions on Memorial Sunday to places 
where memorial services are held; and 

National Guard processions to and from places of 
religious worship. 

If a religious procession passes over your post playing 
music on Sunday, warn the person in charge that he is com¬ 
mitting a violation of law. Do not make an arrest unless 
you have taken every reasonable means to have the law 
complied with. 


Street Meetings. 

Persons are entitled to assemble in public places for 
the purpose of protesting and petitioning and, with the 
exception of religious meetings, require no permit. If 
they object to a law or rule established by those in author¬ 
ity, they have a perfect right to peaceably assemble for 
the purpose of protesting against that law or rule, as long 
as they advocate its change by a means prescribed by law, 
such as petitioning the legislature, the judiciary, or the 
executive heads of the city, state or national government. 


134 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

They are to be afforded proper protection and are not to 
be interfered with unless they attempt or threaten any 
act tending toward a breach of the peace or an injury to 
person or property, or any unlawful act. (See Criminal 
Anarchy.) 

While so assembled, however, they may not seriously 
interfere with or annoy persons residing or conducting 
business nearby. If complaint is made to you it will 
usually suffice to request the speaker or person in charge 
to hold the meeting at some other place where it will not 
be a source of annoyance. 

When a meeting is held on your post and your presence 
may be required there for an extended period for the 
purpose of preserving the peace, notify the station-house 
so that other provisions may be made for policing the 
meeting. 

If one of the audience annoys or interferes with the 
peaceful conduct of a street meeting, and the speaker 
requests you to do so, warn that person to cease or to 
leave. If he refuses to do either, place him under arrest. 
It is not always a good plan, after making an arrest of 
this kind, to leave the meeting unprotected; the ones 
creating the disturbance may take advantage of your 
departure with one of their number to break up the 
meeting. Summon assistance before taking your prisoner 
to the station-house. 


PUBLIC HACKS. 

A public hack is a vehicle plying for hire which 
solicits public patronage on the streets and highways of 
the City. 

No hack shall ply for hire on the streets or highways 
without having first obtained a license from the Chief of 
the Department of Licenses. 

The license number must be displayed on a metal plate 
as officially prescribed, and shall be attached to an indis¬ 
pensable part of the outside of the cab. 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 135 



BurglA n’s Tools 


1 Burglar's Bull’s-eye Lantern 

2 Cutter, Part of Sectional Jimmy 

3 Padded Chisel 

4 Electric Motor and Bit, used for bor¬ 

ing Safes 

5 Burglar’s Jimmy, Small 

6 “ “ “ Medium 

7 “ “ “ Large, Sectional, 

with Ripper and Hook 


8 Burglar’s Flash-Light 

9 Burglar’s Rope Ladder 

10 Window Catch Tumbler 

11 Burglar’s Can Opener 

12 Stick of Dynamite “ Dan ” 

13 Detonating Cap and Wires 

14 False Keys and Pick Locks 











136 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

Use of Force Not Unlawful in Certain Cases. 

“ To use or attempt, or oiler to use, force or violence 
upon or towards the person of another, is not unlawful in 
the following cases: 

1. When necessarily committed by a public officer in 
the performance of a legal duty; or by any other person 
assisting him or acting by his direction; 

2. When necessarily committed by any person in 
arresting one who has committed a felony, and deliver¬ 
ing him to a public officer competent to receive him in 
custody; 

3. When committed either by the party about to be 
injured or by another person in his aid or defence, in 
preventing or attempting to prevent an offense against 
his person, or a trespass or other unlawful interference 
with real or personal property in his lawful possession, 
if the force or violence used is not more than sufficient 
to prevent such offense; 

4. When committed by a parent or the authorized 
agent of any parent, or by any guardian, master or 
teacher, in the exercise of a lawful authority to restrain 
or correct his child, ward, apprentice or scholar, and the 
force or violence used is reasonable in manner and mod¬ 
erate in degree; 

5. When committed by a carrier of passengers, or 
the authorized agents or servants of such carrier, or by 
any person assisting them, at their request, in expelling 
from a carriage, railway car, vessel or other vehicle, a 
passenger who refuses to obey a lawful and reasonable 
regulation prescribed for the conduct of passengers, if 
such vehicle has first been stopped and the force or vio¬ 
lence used is not more than sufficient to expel the offend¬ 
ing passenger, with a reasonable regard to his personal 
safety; 


POLICE EESEEVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUAED 137 


6. When committed by any person in preventing an 
idiot, lunatic, insane person, or other person of unsound 
mind, including persons temporarily or partially de¬ 
prived of reason, from committing an act dangerous to 
himself or to another, or in enforcing such restraint 
as is necessary for the protection of his person or for his 
restoration to health, during such period only as shall 
be necessary to obtain legal authority for the restraint 
or custody of his person.” 

Policemen are called upon, from time to time, to eject 
from a car a passenger who has failed to obey some rule of 
the railroad company. Usually the dispute is over a trans¬ 
fer or the payment of a fare. Do not interfere in cases of 
this kind except to preserve the peace: paragraph 5 of the 
foregoing section empowers employees of railroad com¬ 
panies to use all the force necessary to make such an ejec¬ 
tion without your help. 

The ejected passenger will, almost as a matter of course, 
demand that you arrest the railroad employee. Inform 
him that you cannot interfere or arrest the employee. If 
he is insistent, give him your name and shield number 
and direct him to the office of the Inspector of the District. 

“Force * * not more than sufficient to expel” does 

not mean that railroad employees can pummel or assault a 
passenger. It simply means that a passenger who is cling¬ 
ing to some part of a car after being ordered to get off 
may be forced to loosen his hold and may be pushed from 
the car, provided that the car is not in motion. 


138 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 



Dangerous Weapons 


1 Pin Fire Revolver, foreign make 

2 Magazine Pistol, “Mauser” 

3 Cane Sword 

4 Pistol Cane 

5 Cap, Powder, and Ball, Double-barrel 

Pistol; very old 

6 38 Caliber Revolver with Dagger 

7 Vest-Pocket Pistol, 4 Barrel 

8 “The Bellows” Spring Revolver, no 

Powder, Noiseless 


9 Combination Revolver, Dirk, and 
Knuckles 

10 Metal Knuckles, “London Dusters” 

11 Metal Knuckles, “ Paris Style ” 

12 Bludgeon 

13 Sand Bag 

14 Sling Shot 

15 Black Jack 

16 Dagger 

17 Bowie Knife 


















MANNER IN WHICH THIEVES OPERATE. 


REPORT OF THEFTS AND ARREST OF 
SUSPECTED THIEVES. 

In general, you are required to report as soon as pos¬ 
sible any theft on your post. In seeking information, 
always question the individual who is in a position to give 
the most complete data; in a store, the proprietor; in a 
private dwelling or apartment, the housewife; in a tene¬ 
ment (if a particular apartment is not concerned) the 
janitor. You will generally find that the persons suffering 
the loss are very much excited, and that they do not answer 
coherently the questions you ask. Keep composed. Re¬ 
member your object, and try to find out all you can of the 
circumstances surrounding the theft, so that the members 
of the Department who take up the case from your report 
will be able to proceed intelligently. If you do not make a 
memorandum of all the material facts, it will be necessary 
to send another officer to find them out before the Depart¬ 
ment can proceed efficiently. 

A great deal of judgment must be used at the scene of 
the crime. It may be found that if you arrest the thief 
on suspicion immediately, and before sufficient evidence 
has been obtained to justify it, he will escape conviction; 
for, when a crook knows he is suspected, he will not do 
anything to corroborate those suspicions. In such a cir¬ 
cumstance, you must immediately telephone the facts to 
the station-house so that a detective can be assigned to the 
case. Being in plain clothes, and his identity not known, 
he can secure evidence which you, with your office known, 
might not be able to obtain. 

139 


140 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


If you are suspicious of anyone, do not show it. Per¬ 
sons who are justly the object of suspicion generally make 
the mistake of trying to explain to you the reason they 
should not be suspected. Agree with persons of this kind; 
set them at ease by assuring them of your belief in their 
innocence. 


INVESTIGATIONS AND REPORTS. 


It is essential that you thoroughly and intelligently in¬ 
vestigate the cases brought to your attention, because 
whether or not an arrest is made at the time, a full and 
complete report is required. In addition, if you carefully 
observe conditions surrounding a crime and know how to 
question persons who may be witnesses, several clues will 
develop, and by eliminating some and linking others, the 
key to the situation, the motive, will be found. 

The first question to present itself to the investigator 
should be: “Do the facts as alleged exist?” The second 
question should be: “Are any of the functions of the 
Police Department involved; the preservation of the 
peace, the enforcement of the law, the protection of life 
and property, the prevention and detection of crime, or 
the arrest of law-breakers?” If you can answer both 
questions in the affirmative, the matter is one requiring 
investigation, immediate police action and report. 

Immediately after an accident or the commission of a 
crime, persons who have witnessed the incident are very 
talkative and will readily tell you all they know of the 
matter; but when the excitement has passed and they 
realize that they may be summoned to court as witnesses 
and that possibly some friend may be injured as a result 
of the information furnished by them, they become evasive. 

It will often be found that persons who are witnesses 
to the commission of a crime or who know how or why a 
crime was committed, do not want it generally known 
that they have given information to the police, fearing 
physical harm or injury to their business, and will, if 
141 


142 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 

they are publicly questioned, deny all knowledge. If you 
question such witnesses privately and assure them that 
their names will not be made public, they will often be¬ 
come fully communicative. 

In seeking information from persons who appear to be 
reticent, do not let them see you making notes. 

It is very important that you get witnesses whose evi¬ 
dence will be corroborative. In explanation: Assume 
that a crime has been committed on the street in 
front of a certain address and that witnesses are 
being examined. A. states that he saw the defendant 
running, 25 feet from the premises; B. states that he saw 
the defendant running, 50 feet from the premises; C. 
states that he saw the defendant running, 75 feet from 
the premises; and D. states that he saw the defendant 
running, 100 feet from the premises. This is good evi¬ 
dence, but it has not the weight that corroborative 
evidence would have—that is, if B. would bear out A.’s 
statement. 

Familiarize yourself with the elements that go to make 
up legal evidence. Without this knowledge you cannot 
always bring forth the material facts that are necessary 
to secure a conviction; or, if you do come into possession 
of such facts you may not realize their importance until 
informed by your commanding officer or the court, and it 
may then be too late to properly present them. 


REPORTS. 

To your superiors your reports serve a purpose similar to 

that of your testimony in court. In both cases, you under¬ 
take to convey an impression of the circumstances to 
persons who have not witnessed the incident, and unless 
you are graphic enough, so that others can clearly picture 
the situation, you have not accomplished your end. 

Enter all the material facts in connection with occur¬ 
rences on your post in your memorandum book. If a 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 143 


report is required, it is wanted, in writing, for two pur¬ 
poses : for the records of the Department, and so that 
other members of the Department may use it as a basis 
from which to work on the matter. It is therefore impor¬ 
tant that even the smallest detail be included, because if 
the report is incomplete, it will be necessary for the detec¬ 
tive to consult you or to visit the scene and make a second 
investigation. 

Enter in your memorandum book in chronological order 
an accurate and concise record of the police duty per¬ 
formed by you. In addition to having this informa¬ 
tion for the record of the Department, it should be so 
complete that if you were called upon to testify in court 
a year after an entry had been made, you could readily 
refresh your memory from it. 

POINTS TO BE COVERED IN MAKING REPORTS. 

Name and address of the person in a position to supply 
the most reliable information; the owner of stolen prop¬ 
erty or the person who last saw it intact; the victim of 
an accident or assault, or eye-witnesses. Do not use the 
titles “Mr.,” “Miss,” or “Mrs.” unless it is to distinguish 
between a mother and a daughter having the same name. 


SAMPLE REPORTS. 

STORE DOOR FOUND OPEN. 

November 13 th, 1913. 

Tour 4.00 P. M. to 12 Mid. Post No. 26. 

At 8.15 this P. M., found front door of store at 169 
Fulton St., open. Occupied by James Johnson, electrical 
supplies. Searched and secured premises, assisted by 
Patrolman Edward J. Jones, 12th Precinct. Apparently 
nothing disturbed. 

Patrolman John Reith, Shield No. 3456. 

12th Precinct. 


144 POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 


LARCENY REPORT. 

November 13th, 1913. 

Tour 12 Mid. to 8 A. M. Post No. 14. 

At 7.30 this A. M., a man representing himself as an 
agent of the Consolidated Gas Co., entered the residence of 
John Brown, at 1695 Green Ave., and showing a badge to 
the owner, said that he had been sent by the Gas Company 
to examine the flow of gas in the building. When he left 
at about 7.45 A. M., the following property was missing 
from a drawer in bureau in bedroom on the second floor: 
One diamond ring, initials on inside “J. B. to C. B.”; one 
hunting-case gold watch, Elgin movement, case No. 65789, 
works No. 64534; total value, $200.00. 

Description of man, about 30 years, smooth face, 5 feet 
6 inches, 140 pounds, square shoulders, light complexion, 
large grease spot on right shoulder of coat, black laced 
shoes. Reported by owner. No property recovered and 
no arrests. 

Patrolman John Shea, Shield 4678. 

35th Precinct. 


FIRE REPORT. 

November 13th, 1913. 

Tour 4 P. M. to 12 Mid. Post No. 6. 

At 6.15 this P. M. fire occurred on fourth floor, rear, 
of five story brick tenement house No. 165 W r est 40th 
Street, owned by Simon Cohen, No. 150 W r est 45th Street, 
and occupied by John Samuels, caused by explosion of 
kerosene lamp. Discovered by Mary Samuels, 165 West 
40th Street. Alarm sent from fire box 678, N. W. corner 
of 40th St. and 8th Avenue, by James Duff, 456 W. 40th 
St. Nothing suspicious. 

Patrolman James Kelly, Shield No. 456. 

23rd Precinct. 


LIQUOR TAX LAW. 


Carefully observe every barroom on your post during the 
hours that the sale of liquor is prohibited. See that it is 
closed, that no person is in it except the licensee, his ser¬ 
vants, or members of his family, that no screen, blind, 
curtain or other article covers in whole or in part any 
window or door thereof, that there is not near or back of 
any such window or door, or anywhere in such barroom, 
any opaque or colored glass or any article or thing of any 
kind that obstructs, or in any way prevents a person on 
the outside from having a full view of the interior of such 
barroom and of all parts thereof. 

If you observe the law being violated in any one of these 
or the following particulars, make a complete entry of it 
in your memorandum book, noting the name and number 
appearing on the license, and report the facts to the desk 
lieutenant on your return to the station-house. You will 
then be directed to make and sign an affidavit, which is to 
be delivered to the District Attorney. Arrest is to be made 
only when a warrant is issued. 


145 


BRIBERY. 


The Penal Law defines bribery as follows: 

“Section 371. Bribery of a judicial officer. A person 
who gives or offers, or causes to be given or offered, a 
bribe, or any money, property, or value of any kind, or any 
promise or agreement therefor, to a judicial officer, juror, 
referee, arbitrator, appraiser or assessor, or other person 
authorized by law to hear or determine any question, mat¬ 
ter, cause, proceeding, or controversy, with intent to influ¬ 
ence his action, vote, opinion, or decision thereupon * * * 
(is guilty of a felony). * * * 99 

“Section 372. Officer accepting bribe. A judicial offi¬ 
cer, a person who executes any of the functions of a public 
officer, * * * who asks, receives, or agrees to receive 
a bribe, or any money, property, or value of any kind, or 
any promise or agreement therefor, upon any agreement 
or understanding that his vote, opinion, judgment, action, 
decision, or other official proceeding, shall be influenced 
thereby, or that he will do or omit any act or proceeding, 
or in any way neglect or violate any official duty * * * 
(is guilty of a felony). * * * 99 

“Section 379. Bribery of witnesses. A person who is, 
or is about to be, a witness upon a trial, hearing or other 
proceeding, before any court or any officer authorized to 
hear evidence or take testimony, who receives, or agrees, 
or offers to receive, a bribe, upon any agreement or under¬ 
standing that his testimony shall be influenced thereby, or 
that he will absent himself from the trial, hearing or other 
proceeding, is guilty of a felony.” 

In making arrests under this law, whenever possible do 
so under the advice and direction of a superior officer. It 
146 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 147 


is necessary to have the money, or other consideration 
used, marked. The marking should be done in the pres¬ 
ence of witnesses and a memorandum made of the mark 
used. There should always be a witness to the passing of 
the bribe and before the consideration is turned over, the 
receiver should be questioned fully as to what is to be ex¬ 
pected from him in return, that there may be no doubt as 
to the object of the bribe. If he puts the bribe on his 
person, note where he puts it and as soon as he is arrested 
have him searched, in the presence of the witness who 
heard the conversation. Do not permit the accused to get 
out of your sight from the time the bribe is handed to 
him until he is arrested and searched. When the money 
or other consideration is recovered, set it aside carefully as 
evidence. 


CO-OPERATION WITH CITY DEPARTMENTS. 


The Mayor and the Borough Presidents are responsible 
for the administrative work of the City of New York. 
For the purpose of distributing this work various depart¬ 
ments have been established by law and specific duties 
assigned to each. To a certain extent, the City of New 
York is similar to an ordinary every-day large corpora¬ 
tion, in that the success of the whole depends upon the 
success of each department; and there is hardly one de¬ 
partment, in either case, that can be a success without the 
sympathy and co-operation of at least one other depart¬ 
ment. 

While their duties may link together two or possibly 
three city departments, calling for constant teamwork, 
the Police Department is peculiarly situated in this re¬ 
spect; it must co-operate with each and every one of them 
by enforcing such laws and ordinances as have been passed 
to facilitate their work. 

The City is not striving for efficiency because it has an 
active competitor in the field; its stockholders, the resi¬ 
dents who foot the expense and salary bills, are looking 
for results. They do not care for an explanation of a 
failure. It is cold comfort to a taxpayer who is person¬ 
ally interested in a matter in which two departments have 
been brought into play, and which has gone wrong, to 
know that the failure was due to only one of the depart¬ 
ments and that the other was quite successful. Bear this 
in mind and do not get into controversies with employees 
of other departments or try to shift the responsibility or 
attribute the failure to them. Your duties are clearly de¬ 
fined and if you fulfill them, the failure of another will 
never reflect upon you. 


148 


POLICE RESERVE AND HOME DEFENSE GUARD 149 

The Charter provides that many of the city depart¬ 
ments shall make certain inspections and repairs, and it is 
mandatory that the public permit access necessary 
to accomplish such results and obey the lawful 
orders of the Inspectors. Very often representatives of 
those departments are interfered with and retarded by 
persons acting either through ignorance or a desire to 
evade compliance with the regulations. Such persons are 
usually liable to court action, but as litigation would delay 
the accomplishment of that department’s purpose, it serves 
far better if a patrolman, without the use of force and 
without violating the law, can enforce compliance. For 
instance, a janitor might disregard the warning of an 
inspector of the Tenement House Department to keep a 
light in the hallway of a tenement; but if a patrolman 
were to tell the janitor that it is a violation of the law 
and that he is liable to be punished for the failure, it 
would have far more effect upon him. Drivers often 
refuse to move their vehicles at the request of a street 
sweeper who may want to sweep under them; but if a 
patrolman tells them to move out of the way, they do so 
readily. 

Every department is called upon, from time to time, to 
handle an unusual condition: the Fire Department may 
have a large conflagration to fight; the Department of 
Street Cleaning, a heavy fall of snow to remove; the De¬ 
partment of Health, an epidemic of disease to control; the 
Bureau of Highways, a cave-in of the street to repair. At 
such times the responsibility resting upon the Police 
Department for the accomplishment of the function of the 
other department is as great as that upon the department 
itself. 

While it is rarely necessary for the members of any 
other city department to know the duties of the Police 
Department in order to assist it, it is necessary that every 
policeman know the duties and laws governing the other 
departments in order to intelligently assist and co-operate 
with them. 


✓ 


INDEX 


A 

Accidents, 8, 95 et seq., 131, 
141. 

Ambulances, 95, 96, 98, 114. 

Animals, 8, 9. 

Arms, use and care of, 50. 
positions in drill, 50 et seq. 
bayonet, 56, 57. 
pistol, 84 et seq. 

Arrests, 9, 62, 99, 101, 104 et 
seq., 108. 

Arson, 101. 

Assault, 88, 106. 

B 

Bayonet (See Arms). 

Bribery, 146, 147. 

Burglary (See Thieves). 

C 

Children, arrest of, 106. 
improper guardianship, 108. 
protection of, 108, 109. 
foundlings, 109. 
penal law with regard to, 110 
et seq. 
courts, 119. 

Colors, 40, 46 et seq., 60. 

Courtesy military, 12 et seq. 
police, 74, 76. 

Courts, 118 et seq. 

Crime, defined, 100. 
classified, 101 et seq. 

151 


D 

Detectives, 87. 

Discipline, army, 11, 12, 14, IS. 

police department, 73. 
Disorderly Houses, 81. 

Drill, military, 18 et seq., 58, 59. 

E 

Evidence, 116 et seq. 
Ex-convicts, 84. 

F 

Felony, 89, 101 et seq. 

Fires, 7, 8, 93 et seq. 

First Aid to the Injured, 97 et 
seq. 

Flag (See Colors). 

Fugitives from Justice, 114, 
115. 

G 

Gambling Houses, 81. 

Gas, escaping, 92. 

I 

Insanity, 113, 114, 137. 
Intoxication, 92, 105, 107, 114. 
Investigations, 141, 142. 

L 

Liquor Tax Law, 145, 



152 


INDEX 


M 

Military Police, duties of, 61, 
62. 

Military Terms, defined, 15 et 
seq. 

Misdemeanors (See Crime). 
Movements (See Drill). 

Music, martial, 40, 43, 44, 60. 

P 

Parade, military (See Drill). 
Parades, public, 132, 133. 
Patrol, 6, 79 et seq., 90, 93. 
Physical Condition of Police, 
75, 78. 

Pipes, water bursting in, 8, 92. 
Posts, 80 et seq. 

Prisoners, 62, 105, 107, 122, 123, 
125, 126. 

Property, disposition of, 127. 

R 

Review (See Drill). 

Reports, army, 42. 

police, 84, 97, 142 et seq. 

Rifle (See Arms). 


S 

Salutes, 13, 45, 46. 

rifle salute, 55, 56. 

Sick, reporting, 114. 

Signals, police, 7, 83, 84. 

Stores, 90, 91. 

Street Meetings, 132 et seq. 
Streets, in dangerous condi¬ 
tion, 8, 9, 92, 96, 129. 
Subpoena, 100, 122, 123, 126. 

(See also Arrests). 
Summons, 100. 

(See also Arrests). 

T 

Telephone, use of, 83. 

Tests, military, 63 et seq. 
Thieves, 91, 139, 140. 

Traffic, 9, 128 et seq. 

V 

Vacant Houses, 91. 

W 

Warrants, 100. 

(See also Arrests). 
Witnesses, 123, 141, 142. 




























































































































































































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